Earlier quoted context omitted.
In Europe at least the banks website won’t function if you don’t auth with their app.
In Spain at least you can. I know 4 or 5 banks that let you auth via SMS, coordinates card, etc. If yours doesn't, I suggest that you complain. Some colleagues had to call theirs and insist that the bank's application didn't work on their phones. Reluctantly at first, they eventually changed their method to SMS.
For example my phone provider has really overpriced international fees ($10 / day) so instead I use an eSIM which usually only comes with data. That means I lose the ability to use text messages or phone calls for any form of verification. A number of banks and other sites also block Google Voice / VoIP numbers.