I believe GPS also uses multiple wavelengths to allow estimation of signal delay from passage through the ionosphere. The way Martian meteorites are identified is from isotopes of inert gases (neon, argon, for example). Mars has a particular pattern of these that's been measured by landers there. Meteorites from the moon are identified by oxygen isotopes, which are on the same line on the oxygen isotope plot as Earth…
The gps thing is even more amazing that what he said in the article because it turns out that the receiver doesn’t need an accurate clock of its own for it to work
The (oversimplified) mental model is this:
If the receiver knows the exact time, and sees a signal from one satellite, it knows its position in one spatial dimension.
For each satellite signal you add, you can determine the position in one more dimension. Once you get to the 3rd satellite, you have no more dimensions to add. Instead, the 4th satellite lets you drop the requirement for your own (absolute) time keeping.
After that, each satellite you see improves the overall precision.