By its nature, the strong two-tier economy that exists within Australia is not captured within analyses like this. The “law abiding” tier that pays employees the award rate, pays something resembling proper GST & income tax, and doesn’t use Proprietary Limited tricks to escape long-term liabilities — the companies in that tier are suffering (especially the smaller ones). These companies are captured in these analyses…
Out of interest, what makes you frame the two-tier economy like this? I’d always thought of the two tiers as rent-seeking vs firms that must compete, not small legal business vs the rest. For example you mention some companies paying award rate, but isn’t that a requirement for all companies? Obviously resource companies can afford to pay well above board, but isn’t that simply a function of high returns from rent-se…
Small business pay under the table, offering certain perks to employees that make them OK with the arrangement.
Medium businesses use “contractors” where workers like delivery drivers aren’t employees but individuals (or sole traders) working under piecework contracts.
Neither of these are reported to any data-collecting body.
(which is the point I was trying to make above but I got a bit side-tracked!)