Mongol conquests were roughly comparable to the European conquest of the Americas. Both toppled great empires and may have killed ~10% of world population in a few generations. And both were more noteworthy due to their large-scale success than their brutality. While both waves of conquest were brutal even by contemporary standards, they were not extraordinary brutal. Being an absolute monster is a part of the job de…
Right. Europeans in the Americas and Mongols in Eurasia did what was rational: both had significant, incomparable advantage in military technology and both used it for their advantage according to the standards of their time.
I believe the accepted narrative insofar as the New World is concerned is that it was largely disease that eliminated the population. There's a theory that is posited in Charles Mann's book 1492 which indicates a probable explanation for extremely high mortality rates due to susceptibility to the pathogens the Europeans introduced. The gist: natives of the New World had immune systems conditioned and selected for parasites, which appears to be an either/or proposition, which may explain, in part, the relatively disproportionate fatality rates among the native populations. Relative to that I think the warfare conducted by Europeans pales in comparison.
Please substitute the term you typically use for practitioners of genocide.
It may surprise you but basically every empire did genocide at one point or another. “Total war” wasn’t a thing in premodern history because every war was a total war.
AFAIK that isn't true. Political powers (e.g., feudal lords, kings, etc.) didn't have the resources to conduct warfare on that scale. As examples, centralized government and its resources didn't exist like today, troops had to go home to plant and harvest, and armies depended on local food production in order to survive.
Total war in particular usually involves civilians as targets, and most civilians were far from the battlefield. WWII changed that, when bombers could reach deep beyond the front lines. Without bombers (and missiles), London would have been untouched by the war, for example.
It's hard for me to see them as "more evil" than many other pre-modern groups. It's such an arbitrary framing.
Please substitute the term you typically use for practitioners of genocide.
I don't think pre-modern conflicts can be framed under the modern concept of genocide very well. In any case the Mongols did not set out to obliterate specific groups because of ethnicity, race, religion, etc., per se. Maybe wanting tribute or territory is a stupid reason to obliterate a city, but it's not motivated by ethnic or racial animus. Similarly, revenge on an empire for the death of ambassadors that leads to the utter destruction and death of said empire's populace is maybe technically genocide under the "destroying a nation" framing, but it doesn't fit into the modern cultural framing of nations in a nationalistic cultural sense, and would be considered a traditional casus belli. In any case I don't deny that they were rapacious, violent, expansive, or killed disproportionate numbers of people and reduced populated (for the time period) empires to grassland. But it was all very practical, not based on hate, and is totally in line with what other empires and civilizations would do in the time period if they had the means.
Please substitute the term you typically use for practitioners of genocide.
It may surprise you but basically every empire did genocide at one point or another. “Total war” wasn’t a thing in premodern history because every war was a total war.
Please substitute the term you typically use for practitioners of genocide.
It may surprise you but basically every empire did genocide at one point or another. “Total war” wasn’t a thing in premodern history because every war was a total war.
This is essentially incorrect. While we can point to legendary incidents such as Carthage in the history of empires, the Mongols are notable in premodern history for systemically using this as a strategy to conquer large rivals by fear and hold a territory size that conventional pre-modern empire building would not allow. Regardless of morality, most empires were better positioned to preserve and exploit life and property than the Mongols. Archeological evidence supports this. This kind of conquest isn’t right either and we aren’t saying all non-Mongols aren’t evil (and I appreciate you were also trying to make this point.)
Total war is a separate concept from genocide. Though both can be practiced in the same war, targeting economic and political support for war does not necessarily mean systemically eliminating a population.
Please substitute the term you typically use for practitioners of genocide.
I don't think pre-modern conflicts can be framed under the modern concept of genocide very well. In any case the Mongols did not set out to obliterate specific groups because of ethnicity, race, religion, etc., per se. Maybe wanting tribute or territory is a stupid reason to obliterate a city, but it's not motivated by ethnic or racial animus. Similarly, revenge on an empire for the death of ambassadors that leads to…
It may surprise you but basically every empire did genocide at one point or another. “Total war” wasn’t a thing in premodern history because every war was a total war.
AFAIK that isn't true. Political powers (e.g., feudal lords, kings, etc.) didn't have the resources to conduct warfare on that scale. As examples, centralized government and its resources didn't exist like today, troops had to go home to plant and harvest, and armies depended on local food production in order to survive. Total war in particular usually involves civilians as targets, and most civilians were far from t…
I agree that there's a particularly European tradition of non-total war where maybe you burn the crops and lay seige but let the peasants live because hopefully they'll eventually be your peasants, but the era was more than willing to utterly obliterate schismatics and heretics, and it's pretty obvious that various civilizations have fallen and been obliterated by conquerors of one sort or another throughout history, maybe not as a common norm, but not infrequently. Look at 1 Samuel 15:3 for example, not that I have a good sense of actual historicity of it.
IMO we should not look at Genghis Kahn's Empire fondly. After listening to Hardcore History's Wrath of the Khans, I think they have been the most evil group humanity has produced so far. Time seems to heal all wounds but Genghis Khan sure seemed to have made a lot of wounds.
Who looks at the Mongol empire fondly?
Mongolia sees Genghis Khan as a George Washington type figure, which I think is relatively fair. It's not like Italy does of a lot of introspection of the "bad" sides of its Roman heritage.
The Mongols were a mix of modern and violent and ruthless before he (Chinggis Khan) died that you don't really see elsewhere.
Mongol conquests were roughly comparable to the European conquest of the Americas. Both toppled great empires and may have killed ~10% of world population in a few generations. And both were more noteworthy due to their large-scale success than their brutality. While both waves of conquest were brutal even by contemporary standards, they were not extraordinary brutal. Being an absolute monster is a part of the job de…
The Europeans didn't topple any empire in the Americas. They collapsed by themselves due to the sickness brought over by the Europeans before they made contact. It would have been logistically impossible to topple an empire overseas.
"Invaders led by the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés overthrew the Aztec Empire by force and captured Tenochtitlan in 1521, bringing an end to Mesoamerica's last great native civilization ... The Spaniards then murdered thousands of Aztec nobles during a ritual dance ceremony, and Montezuma died under uncertain circumstances while in custody... European diseases like smallpox, mumps and measles were also powerful weapons against the local population, who lacked immunity to them...By 1520, smallpox had reduced the population of Tenochtitlan by 40% in just one year." [1]
Maybe an oversimplification to assert "the Europeans didn't topple any empire in the Americas"?