This boss telling you that they felt the project should have been done a long time ago: I wonder who that comment benefits? Feels like no one. You get bummed, they give late feedback without a lot of constructive aspects to it. I am trying to think of one way it was useful to tell you that, but I can’t. Seems like you should feel justified in not being a fan of working under this person. What you do with that is hard…
In this scenario, I'd work through a 5-whys for figuring out why the multiple reasons why the "you're effectively on warning for being fired, and certainly not being promoted" just happened, and the reasons behind them. Ideally with someone at least a few years ahead of you who, and not at the company to avoid politics/bias issues. Maybe you need a tech lead or a senior dev mentor. Maybe project planning is broken. Maybe product expectations are broken. Maybe they don't know you're a junior dev and that means basic stuff like teaching you how to work in a team. Once you've done that, then repeat it with your team: they want to do better too, hopefully.
From there, if possible, maybe get it fixed... but it's not your job to fix team culture as someone junior, so also look at switching teams (managers) or even companies. If you believe you're being diligent and working hard, it's a net loss for yourself and better functioning teams to keep underdelivering for reasons not under your control. Other places would be happy to have you, help you be more productive, and your career + their results will be better. Leaving at 1-3mo point is not that bad on a CV (and you can drop it later) -- leaving at 6mo-24mo is the bad one.