Linux came
after the BSDs, so you would think the BSDs would have won.
There are many reasons Linux-based systems are generally much more popular than the BSDs in the server and workstation spaces. Here's why I think that happened:
* GPL vs. BSD license. Repeatedly someone in the BSD community had the bright idea of creating a proprietary OS based on a BSD. All their work was then not shared with the OSS BSD community, and the hires removed expertise from the OSS BSD community. In contrast, the GPL forced the Linux kernel and GNU tool improvements to stay in the community, so every company that participated improved the Linux kernel and GNU tools instead of making their development stagnate. This enabled the Linux kernel in particular to rocket past the BSDs in terms of capabilities.
* Bazaar vs. Cathedral. The BSDs had a small group who tried to build things elegantly (cathedral), mostly in "one big tree". GNU + Linux were far more decentralized (bazaar), leading to faster development. That especially applies to the Linux kernel; many GNU tools are more cathedral-like in their development (though not to the extent of the BSDs), and they've paid a price in slower development because of it.
* Multi-boot Installation ease. For many years Linux was much easier to install than the BSDs on standard x86 hardware. Linux used the standard MBR partitioning scheme, while the BSDs required their own scheme that made it extremely difficult to run a BSD multi-boot setup. For many people computers (including storage) were very expensive - it was much easier to try out Linux (where you could dual-boot) than BSDs. The BSDs required an "all-in" commitment that immediately caused many people to ignore them. I think this factor is underappreciated.
* GNU and Linux emphasis on functionality and ease-of-use instead of tiny-ness. GNU tools revel in all sorts of options (case in point: cat has numerous options) and long-name options (which are much easier to read). The BSDs are often excited about how small their code is and how few flags their command lines have... but it turns out many users want functionality. If tiny-ness is truly your goal, then busybox was generally better once that became available circa 1996 (because it focused specifically on tiny-ness instead of trying to be a compromise between functionality and tiny-ness).
Some claim that the AT&T lawsuit hurt the BSDs, but there was lawsuit-rattling for Linux and GNU as well, so while others will point to that I don't think that was serious factor.
Here's one article discussing this:
https://www.channelfutures.com/open-source/open-source-histo...