I think sometime around 2008 I first saw them do it (I noticed NoScript blocking a script on a page that it wouldn't normally). If I remember correctly, following it to its source hinted that it was a test for some alert system.
In 2012 I saw them injecting a script to notify people that their email servers were down ( https://www.dslreports.com/forum/remark,27826161 ) though the paranoid in me thinks that was an innocuous way to test how acceptable altering traffic would be.
The escalation I've seen in the last couple of years is the ability being used for Cox customer surveys.
As far as I know they haven't injected anything into my SSL/TLS traffic... yet.