1. It's per capita income that determines how equalization payments are made. Alberta has a per capita GDP of $78K while Scotland's is $43K (both according to wikipedia). Total size of the economy is not the determining factor here. Equalization payments are made to
equalize the standard of living between provinces, not the total size of their economies.
2. As I said, how Scotland secedes and how the U.K. chooses to respond would set precedents that would remove many of the scary uncertainties around secession for Quebec. It could make it more appealing. Separatist sentiment is currently low, but ebbs and wanes.
6. True. Not impossible, just difficult.
7. Cheese from Quebec vs cheese from France: Which will be cheaper and more competitive in Scotland? Travel between Scotland and Canada will still be a lot more expensive than travel between Scotland and Europe too. It's actually far cheaper and faster to travel from Scotland to France (or even most of Russia) than from B.C. to Newfoundland at present. As for access to the U.S. market, who knows what NAFTA is going to look like in a couple years? U.S. trade protectionism is ramping up in a serious way right now.