I have three cats.
The youngest straight up chose to be an indoor cat. He was a feral kitten, about 12 weeks when I first encountered him (based on the vet's estimate of 16 weeks when I eventually brought him in). I left food out for him for a month, as he progressively hung around more and more and watched my two indoor cats through the sliding glass door in the back of my apartment. After about a month he seemed to trust me, so I picked him up, took inside, took him to a vet to get him a checkup (he very badly needed to be dewormed), got him fixed, and now he doesn't even want to go outside, even if the door is left open. He saw how good my indoor cats had it, and he wanted it. He's the most affectionate cat I've ever had. He constantly wants to be touched.
My oldest cat is over 17 years old, and has arthritis. She's never been a good hunter, even as a young cat. She got out for a week when she was around 3 years old, and came back so thin you could touch your fingers together on either side of her stomach. She could have never survived outdoors, then or now.
The oldest cat is the only one I set out and said, "I'm going to get a cat," and adopted one. The middle cat was an abandoned kitten my mom rescued at 3 weeks (she waited all day after she found the crying kitten in the barn to see if the momma cat came back from hunting, but she never did, nor did she ever find the rest of the litter). Given the area my mom lives in, she would have been eaten by a bear or fox even if she hadn't starved.
Indoor is better for almost all cats. You just have a provide an enriching environment with lots of high surfaces for them to explore and exercise them with toys.
Even if you think cats should be indoor/outdoor, there's no way you can compare keeping a pet cat to chickens in battery cages.