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Most violence in the world is motivated by moral sentiments

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Re: Most violence in the world is motivated by moral sentiments

#311

Earlier quoted context omitted.

> I think there is plenty of evidence. I am speaking of observation, not revelation. > I just wanted to note that plenty of people of faith don't ascribe to the idea of blind faith. People don't say "it's faith" when they can find any other reason why they consider something to be true, "it's faith" is the fallback when they don't have any other reason. Whether they then find some reason for why "it's faith" is a goo…

Thanks for taking the time to reply and speaking civilly! I've really come to enjoy discussions on Hacker News more than anywhere else. > I am speaking of observation, not revelation. Me too. There were lot of observations about people and events in first-century Palestine that were then recorded and preserved over time. I was just in a meeting today. Let's say I write a blog post about it and that post is read 2000…

> Thanks for taking the time to reply and speaking civilly! I've really come to enjoy discussions on Hacker News more than anywhere else.

:-)

>> I am speaking of observation, not revelation. > > Me too. There were lot of observations about people and events in first-century Palestine that were then recorded and preserved over time.

Sure, and based on that evidence I agree with you that there were humans living in first-century Palestine, for example.

> I was just in a meeting today. Let's say I write a blog post about it and that post is read 2000 years later. While it can't be the sole basis for answering the question of whether or not that meeting happened, I think it should be given a lot of respect and precedence when considering the question.

Well, that very much depends.

If the claim simply was that there was some meeting today in some company and that your were in it, and whether I believe it or not was essentially inconsequential, sure, might well have happened, that doesn't contradict anything I know about this world, there are meetings in companies all the time, and I assume that will still be a well-established fact 2000 years from now.

Now, if you asked me to bet my house on the truth of the claim that that meeting actually happened? No way I'd do that just based on a simple blog posting, even today, blog postings are just way too easy to fake.

Or if you claimed that in that meeting someone demonstrated that energy conservation doesn't hold, or that the speed of light can be exceeded, or that you resurrected a dead human ... no, your blog post wouldn't count for much as far as those claims are concerned, if anything at all, we have pretty solid evidence that energy is conserved, that the speed of light cannot be exceeded, and that rotting human bodies cannot be resurrected, at least with current medical technology. Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence.

> But don't discount revelation outright! If I want someone to understand me better, I'd rather tell them myself rather than having them resort to observations and experiments, and I'd probably give them more information in an hour of talking than they ever could figure out on their own.

But first of all, listening to someone speak is perfectly fine observation, there is nothing supernatural about humans producing sound waves in patterns of some spoken language and other humans detecting/observing those sound waves, and secondly, if you said to me "I know everything", the observation I make is that you said "I know everything", not that you actually know everything, those two are two very distinct claims that would require very different evidence. Also, usually, if you talk to someone, you usually aren't limited to just listening and watching, you can even do interactive experiments, such as ask a question and then observe the reaction of the other person. That's how you usually figure out other people.

All of that demonstrably can provide reliable knowledge about the world. In contrast to the "having an experience", personal/internal type of revelation, which has an abysmal track record. Note though that I don't "discount [it] outright"--if you claim that that can provide reliable knowledge about the world, sure, possibly, but don't expect me to believe that until you have demonstrated it. I don't hold much hope for it though, given how contradictory claims are that people have made, supposedly based on such revelations, both versus one another and when compared to other (demonstrably reliable) methods of observation.

> If you can explain it completely, it's not faith. So that makes sense.

There is no such thing as "explain it completely". There is "you can explain it", aka "you know it", and there is "you can't explain it", aka "you don't know it". But there is no such thing as "completeness" in explanations. In a sense, there is no such thing as an explanation. There are models of reality, which colloquially are called explanations, but they are nothing more than descriptions of regularities that have been observed, and in every(!) model there are details of which we don't know whether more details couldn't possibly be found out at a later time. Why do we have day and night? Because the earth is spinning! Why is the earth spinning? Because it got angular momentum from the accretion disc around the sun that it formed in, and angular momentum is conserved! Why is angular momentum conserved? ... ad infinitum, or rather, until you get to the point where we don't know (yet), which is the point where the responsible thing to say is "I don't know", not ", because I have faith", because only "I don't know" logically leads to you possibly finding out, if you pretend you know even though you don't, chances are, you won't.

> The concept of a triune God is one that kinda ends up this way. I can pontificate all I want about how I'm a father, a son, and a brother all while being a single entity, but at the end of the day it's like explaining depth to Flatlanders - it's tough to truly understand something that doesn't exist on your level. So, what goes beyond my comprehension requires faith.

No, what goes beyond your comprehension, you don't comprehend, and chances are it's bullshit. If you can't comprehend something, you can't determine whether it's true, so, while it's quite possible that it is in fact true, it's just as possible that it's false, and without you being able to determine which of the two is the case by means of comprehension, just believing something "on faith" becomes a random game of chance, on some things you will be right, on others you will be wrong.

Humanity has heaps of experience with this method of obtaining supposed knowledge, by the way. People over time have believed all kinds of crazy shit "on faith"--that is to say: Stuff that we meanwhile have a working understanding of, much of which turned out to be wildly different from what people had sincerely held beliefs about "on faith". Luckily, some people avoided believing this supposed knowledge, so we now know, to pick a random example, about bacteria. People were perfectly convinced that demons were real, and they even developed "demon therapy" ... but as you might know, exorcism didn't quite do the trick, antibiotics did.

> Can it be used as a cop-out or an intellectually lazy answer? Sure! The Bible even suggests that faith is hard - a man once said to Jesus "I believe; help my unbelief!" But that doesn't mean it's not a valid state of mind.

No, that doesn't mean it's not a valid state of mind. But it also doesn't mean that it _is_ a valid state of mind. If you claim that it's a method to obtain reliable knowledge about the world, it's up to you to provide the evidence, it's not up to me to disprove any random evidence-free claim you make.

> I like the chair metaphor for this sort of talk. Sitting in a chair requires a measure of faith that it'll hold my weight. If I'm sitting in the chair, the question is already answered so no more faith is required (unless I wanted to question the idea that the chair would continue to hold my weight!).

None of this requires any faith, if you want to figure out whether a chair will hold your weight, you(!) use evidence. Does it look like chairs that you have experience holding your weight (it's the same model you have at home, maybe)? Does it look like chairs that you have experience not holding your weight (those rusty legs full of holes look just like that laundry rack of yours that fell apart yesterday, say)? Have you seen someone else sit on it? Does it stand in some context where there is an increased chance that it won't hold you (a room in your company where meetings are being held all the time vs. a long-forgotten corner in the attic)? All of those checks and many more are how you(!) decide whether you will sit down on a chair or not, or whether you maybe carefully test whether it will hold you before you sit down. You don't just sit down on any chair in the faith that it will hold you, and there very much are circumstances where you will refrain from sitting down based on the evidence you observe and your experience from previous observations as to what attributes tend to indicate a reliable chair and which indicate an unreliable chair. And still, you could be wrong, in which case you'll figure it out by trying to sit down, not by postulating some truth "on faith".

> If I couldn't sit in the chair because it's behind a glass wall in a museum, then I can choose to believe it will/won't hold me or I can choose to not make a decision because, who cares? And for a chair that's okay, because it's not being prescriptive or dealing with anything existential.

You can't choose belief. Belief is about whether you are convinced of the truth of some claim. Either you are convinced, or you are not. You cannot decide what you are convinced of. If you could decide your beliefs, you could decide, for example, to be convinced that jumping from a tall building is not dangerous. Once you believed that, you would jump out of the window of a skyscraper without any hesitation, just like you don't hesitate when stepping out of the door at ground level because you believe that to not be dangerous. Could you do that?

I for one would probably withhold belief. Just as above, if it looks reasonably solid (aka reasonably similar to chairs that I have experience holding my weight and reasonably dissimilar from chairs I have experience not holding my weight), I might tend to believe it. But if you asked me to bet my house on it, I probably would refuse.

[...]

Re: Most violence in the world is motivated by moral sentiments

#312

Earlier quoted context omitted.

> I think there is plenty of evidence. I am speaking of observation, not revelation. > I just wanted to note that plenty of people of faith don't ascribe to the idea of blind faith. People don't say "it's faith" when they can find any other reason why they consider something to be true, "it's faith" is the fallback when they don't have any other reason. Whether they then find some reason for why "it's faith" is a goo…

Thanks for taking the time to reply and speaking civilly! I've really come to enjoy discussions on Hacker News more than anywhere else. > I am speaking of observation, not revelation. Me too. There were lot of observations about people and events in first-century Palestine that were then recorded and preserved over time. I was just in a meeting today. Let's say I write a blog post about it and that post is read 2000…

[... pt2 ...]

> But ultimately, the chair can either hold you or it can't. One of those outcomes is true. Just because you can't sit on the chair doesn't mean that there isn't an absolute answer. I think you understand that after parsing your response a bit more, just wanted to call the point out specifically.

Yes, there is an absolute answer. But if you don't know it, you don't get to make one up and to then claim it's the truth, you simply don't know it, and that's it, until you do actually know it, for example by sitting down on the chair.

>> However, it is important to note that science does not proclaim that if you can't observe something, it therefore isn't. > > Yes! I understand this. But I do think that because science is so great at explaining so many things, people will tend to mentally fall into assumptions like 'science is the only way to prove something' or 'if science cannot prove something, I won't believe it'. This could be strawmanning though.

First of all, I want to draw a distinction: Science doesn't _prove_ anything, at all. Proof is the business of mathematics, and a proof only shows what follows logically from a given set of assumptions (called axioms by mathematicians), which doesn't say much about reality, as the assumptions are just assumptions, which might apply in reality, or they might not, mathematics doesn't care whether they do, it only shows what follows if you assume them to be true.

Science only deals with evidence, and it works by falsification, not by verification, let alone by proof. Science works by suggesting hypotheses and then trying to disprove them as hard as possible. Hypotheses that survive those attempts to disprove them for long enough are considered tentatively reliable knowledge, aka theories, not proven facts, as it is always assumed that future tries to disprove some theory might still succeed.

Now, yes, I won't believe something that science hasn't demonstrated (that is: hasn't tried reasonably hard to disprove). However, you have to be careful to not understand "science" as "by people in labcoats" here. Any method that has been demonstrated to provide reliable knowledge is scientific. If you could show that personal revelation is a path to reliable knowledge, I would count personal revelation as scientific evidence, and thus believe personal revelations. I don't dogmatically exclude any method of obtaining knowledge--all I ask for is that you demonstrate that it actually works, at which point it both becomes scientific and I will believe it. As long as I don't have anything beyond your claim that your method works, I won't believe what you say. "Unscientific" really is just a synonym for "hasn't been demonstrated to provide reliable knowledge"--and I would think it's obvious that you can't justify a claim with a method of which it is unknown whether it works.

> If I understand you correctly you're saying that, from a purely scientific standpoint, a belief in the Abrahamic God is no different than believing that we're a little simulation run by the Q Continuum. And that's a fair point.

What I am saying is that there is as much evidence for one as for the other, hence, there is no justification for believing one more or less than the other.

> But I would contend again that science is not the only way to prove something. Historical record, internal logic and narrative, testimony of others, personal experience, revelation...these can be less easy to parse and trust than a clear-cut scientific method, but that doesn't invalidate them as methods of persuasion.

Historical records are quite easy to observe, actually. But you don't get to just claim what they say, and that what they say is true. You have to demonstrate both the actual content of the actual records and that they are reliable, if you want me to believe something you supposedly found out about history. BTW, there isn't really all that much difference between historical records and any other kind of observation/measurement: The light from the screen that you are reading this on takes time to travel to your eyes, so what you see is also just a sort of historical record of the screen's content about a nanosecond earlier, just as much of the knowledge about the early development of our universe has been obtained by looking at light that has been traveling through the universe for billions of years, much of it from galaxies that probably don't even exist anymore. If you can observe it, you can use it as scientific evidence.

(Internal) logic is a somewhat difficult case, but then again it is actually not that much of a problem: It's philosophically difficult to pin down the "source of logic" (not that I'm saying that there is such a thing), but in practice, you won't find many people who will disagree with you about the most basic laws of logic, so there isn't really much need to justify them. Though it should be noted that you can empirically observe that they work, that is, if you use them, you are more successfull at navigating the world than if you don't.

Narrative is probably a source of hypotheses to test at best, testimony of other is perfectly fine scientific evidence, of course--however, the observation of the testimony is not to be confused with the observation of what the testimony is about. In order to use the former to judge the latter, you also need observations about the reliability of the testimony. Note that we know most of our (scientific) knowledge only "through testimony"--but what is important is that you in principle can go and repeat any of the experiments or observations that that testimony supposedly was based on to see whether it holds up. Personal experience is, if you will, the primary source of scientific knowledge--however, we also have figured out that it is extremely unreliable on its own, which is why science has developed elaborate methodology to avoid all the biases, confusions, and deceptions that individual personal experience tends to come with. As for revelation, see above.

But no, ultimately, there are no other ways to obtain reliable knowledge than by using methods that have been demonstrated to result in reliable knowledge, aka science.

> And perhaps that is our greatest difference. You (if I am understanding correctly; feel free to correct me) believe that belief should be withheld on things that cannot be quantified with scientific methodology. I do not ascribe to this, and this divergence puts us in pretty different places.

I would disagree on the wording. "quantified with scientific methodology" sounds too much like "by people in labcoats", and that's besides the point. Belief should be withheld until you can show that it aligns with reality.

>>>> what is moral is a scientific question >> I can see how you could start with that assumption and find ways to justify it, but I don't see how you can conclusively prove the initial premise. > I think the more interesting question is: Do you disagree and if so, why? > > If I understand the intent of this exchange, then I think I do disagree. Take something like eugenics; if we observed two societies doing it and one refraining, we might find benefits in both society. An individualistic society might be glad they refrained because they see the intrinsic value of each human life, regardless of their shortcomings, while a collectivistic, Spartan-like society might be glad they kept their stock strong and didn't have to do stuff like buy glasses or spend money on sick/disabled people. Point being, observation and the conclusions that are drawn from it could end up being inconclusive or relativistic depending on the underlying values of the society.

Well, sure we might find benefits in both societies, but which of the two do you think would be nicer to live in, all things considered?

Also, yes, observations could end up inconclusive, so you might have to make an arbitrary decision as to how to live. How does just making up an answer from the start and skipping the observation make things any less arbitrary than that worst case?

And do you have any evidence that morals do not depend on the underlying values of societies? That you wish they weren't doesn't make it so.

[...]

Re: Most violence in the world is motivated by moral sentiments

#313

Earlier quoted context omitted.

> I think there is plenty of evidence. I am speaking of observation, not revelation. > I just wanted to note that plenty of people of faith don't ascribe to the idea of blind faith. People don't say "it's faith" when they can find any other reason why they consider something to be true, "it's faith" is the fallback when they don't have any other reason. Whether they then find some reason for why "it's faith" is a goo…

Thanks for taking the time to reply and speaking civilly! I've really come to enjoy discussions on Hacker News more than anywhere else. > I am speaking of observation, not revelation. Me too. There were lot of observations about people and events in first-century Palestine that were then recorded and preserved over time. I was just in a meeting today. Let's say I write a blog post about it and that post is read 2000…

[... pt3 ...]

> One of the things I believe about God is that he knows everything about us,

How do you know that?

> and as such would be the most qualified to prescribe the best courses of action for my life and for society.

Even under that assumption, I would disagree.

> Or, since we're on HN, the guy who programmed the app knows the codebase better than anyone,

How do you know who that guy is?

> and if he wants others to understand it he writes documentation for others to follow,

How do you identify the author of that documentation?

> or maybe goes to a conference to talk about it.

How do you identify the speaker?

> And who knows, maybe God has reasoning that would fit within the realm of scientific methodology.

Sure, or maybe god likes pizza. May be. Or may not be. Speculation is easy. What's your evidence one way or the other?

> I don't know, but..."it's faith!"

Is there any claim that you couldn't justify that way?

"God wants me to only eat noodles! It's faith!"

"The core of jupiter consists of cheese! It's faith!"

"God wants me to love everyone! It's faith!"

"God wants me to kill all ! It's faith!"

How do you distinguish where "It's faith!" is sufficient justification and where it is not?

Now, this has become somewhat (ahem) lengthy, and most of these arguments aren't really new--if you are interested in understanding the skeptical/scientific/atheistic view on those things, you might enjoy this playlist:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OOkwq0YkXJA&list=PL8U_Qmq9oN...

In particular, there are quite a few videos in there that deal with common theistic arguments, including "Appeals to Faith", "Morality", "Supernatural Causation", "Appeals to Personal Experience", which would probably roughly cover this post.

Re: Most violence in the world is motivated by moral sentiments

#314

Earlier quoted context omitted.

Well, I think it's a logical consequence of how morality works. It's basically a matter of definition: Your moral values are as I gathered "logical discourse", a "respect for facts" and an avoidance of "mental patterns of hate". Therefore if you are making a moral judgment about people, you are going to be judging them based on these and probably other values. But it's an essentially syntactic substitution of terms w…

So you are making a distinction that I am not. If you label something as "mental patterns of hate" and rejecting it on those grounds, you are, by definition making a moral judgment against it. Excuse me, but have you read any history at all? The psychology of othering and its role in the justification of human evils is long and sordid. What you consider hateful, I may not consider hateful This is your word game of do…

No one hates you. You're not really doing anything worthy of hate. You're just making grandiose statements about your comprehension of other human beings and it's slightly more obnoxious than stepping on gum, but probably less obnoxious than being hit with the stink of sewer gas while walking through Cambridge.

I'll just put this here and leave:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusion_of_asymmetric_insight

Re: Most violence in the world is motivated by moral sentiments

#315
post #274
post #202

Earlier quoted context omitted.

I have often appreciated your quick interventions to stop snark and abuse on this message board. But this doesn't seem right. This thread by its definition is controversial and lends itself to subjective option and heated discussion, more than others. At what point does opinion become 'ideology' as every single comment can be described as such, who decides the thin line between ideology and opinion and worse cross it…

You may be right that "inflammatory ideological rant" wasn't a perfect fit for that comment. And I'm afraid I don't have precise definitions for you. The problem here isn't just one comment, though, but a history of making HN threads more toxic with incivility and inflammatory rhetoric. Doing that doesn't improve discussion; in the long run it destroys it. The whole of HN is organized to try to stave that off. If we…

If you think I'm a barbarian at the gates then honestly I'll stop. Where you say inflammatory, I probably think polarizing. When you say incivility, I wonder why the top-level comment which just trashes a whole group of unnamed people in the most condescending way possible isn't considered uncivil; but I also don't think the top-level comment was problematic. I haven't thought my posts were toxic because they get good replies and they don't get downvote-hidden. If you're saying I bring the wrong kind of conversations to the threads, then that's fine.

Like, I'm not going to tell you how to run this ship because moderation can be a thankless job at the best of times.

Re: Most violence in the world is motivated by moral sentiments

#316

Earlier quoted context omitted.

> I have opinions, of course, but I aspire to have them grounded in scripture. I have two simple questions: 1. Why do you aspire to have your opinions grounded in scripture? 2. Do you care about the consequences of your opinions (given that your opinions inform your actions, which in turn affect both your future and other people)?

Regarding 1, there are a few things to say. First, I believe the scripture is the Word of God. If I were OK with spouting off whatever comes to mind without grounding it to scripture, I'm putting my thoughts on equal (or even greater) footing than the Bible. I am tempted to be this proud at times, but I aspire to be more humble than that. Why the Bible is true has a few answers: 1. It has proven to hold a lot of coun…

> I am tempted to be this proud at times, but I aspire to be more humble than that.

I guess I would want to encourage you to be a lot less humble, it's not particularly difficult to be better than the bible, at least as far as moral rules go. Just drop the slavery and you have a better moral guideline, to give a trivial example.

> 1. It has proven to hold a lot of counter-intuitive truth in my life. When I follow the teaching in the Bible, things go better for my and the people I love. Of course, you don't know me, so it's probably not a very convincing thing to hear from a stranger on the internet.

Better than what? I can well imagine that there are far worse books/doctrines/ideologies to follow than many forms of christianity--I would just question the suggestion that there aren't far better sources of life advice than the bible.

> 2. The teachings of the Bible are a very complete and internally consistent, which is a quality you would expect from a Holy Book, but is surprisingly absent from many (most?) life philosophies, in my opinion.

(a) What is your measure of completeness?

(b) Well, I am not particularly convinced of the internal consistency.

(c) Any good story is internally consistent, inconsistencies are a sign of a bad writer, and not much more.

(d) "Holy book" isn't really a well-defined term to me that I could say what I would expect from one.

(e) There is one important thing that's IMO missing both from your list and from the bible: Consistency with reality.

> Of course. Though I'm having a hard time understanding exactly what your question means. Perhaps you are asking if I think the material world is important? The answer to that specific question is also yes.

Well, the problem is: What do you do if the consequences of actions the bible tells you are morally right that you can observe in reality turn out to be bad? Do you stick to the bible, thus causing harm, or do you dismiss the bible, thus acknowledging it can be wrong? Don't try to give me an answer, I have an idea what it would be, it's more important that you think about it, because that is the type of harm the article is talking about, where people cause harm with the intention to do good.

> I suppose you could also be asking if I think I'll get blowback for my opinions?

No, I would be far more concerned about other consequences for yourself. Living with a delusion (or similar, this is not a medical diagnosis) can have quite bad consequences once the affected person notices their state of affairs and the missed opportunities and all that.

> But if I let personal concerns take precedence over my loyalty to God, then how much do I really believe that God is real, powerful, and loving? I've been lonely and poor before. I'd rather go back to that than reject the person who means the most to me.

Seriously, and I am neither joking nor trying to be mean, but you possibly might want to seek professional help. If your religious belief means much to you, I wouldn't want to take it away from you unnecessarily, and maybe things aren't as they seem to me, but unlike real people, god does not actually exist, and you cannot expect anything tangible from god if you need help, so if your religion keeps you from having real social contacts, I would urge you to change that, it's probably not good for you in the long run. Other people will largely honor your loyalty with their support for you, god won't. If you have social contacts in a church or similar, my concerns might not apply, as long as it's not a church that tries to isolate you from the rest of society.

I hope you don't take this wrong, but the way you write in that last paragraph really makes me concerned.

Re: Most violence in the world is motivated by moral sentiments

#317
post #274

Earlier quoted context omitted.

You may be right that "inflammatory ideological rant" wasn't a perfect fit for that comment. And I'm afraid I don't have precise definitions for you. The problem here isn't just one comment, though, but a history of making HN threads more toxic with incivility and inflammatory rhetoric. Doing that doesn't improve discussion; in the long run it destroys it. The whole of HN is organized to try to stave that off. If we…

If you think I'm a barbarian at the gates then honestly I'll stop. Where you say inflammatory, I probably think polarizing. When you say incivility, I wonder why the top-level comment which just trashes a whole group of unnamed people in the most condescending way possible isn't considered uncivil; but I also don't think the top-level comment was problematic. I haven't thought my posts were toxic because they get goo…

Thank you for replying so politely. Yes, some of your comments—the riled-up ones—have brought the wrong kind of conversation to the threads. I'm confident that you could change that if you wanted to, and would be happy to discuss it by email (hn@ycombinator.com) if you wanted to.

The combination of ideology with indignation is most destructive of the discourse we want here. That doesn't mean your views aren't welcome. If you would err on the side of courtesy, it would probably solve the problem. Many HN users, including some of the most courteous commenters we have, have gone through a similar transformation. It mostly takes willingness, which comes more easily when you understand the problem the community faces.

The counterargument that matters of high moral importance deserve to be discussed with strong emotion has some truth to it, but only emotion that isn't contaminated with personal abusiveness qualifies. That takes self-discipline, especially in an online forum like HN, where we don't know each other personally, have only sparse signals to go on, and the bias when disagreeing is to fill in the picture uncharitably. To avoid that requires a conscious effort.

Re: Most violence in the world is motivated by moral sentiments

#318

Earlier quoted context omitted.

> Putting pressure on someone to behave themselves isn't oppression. Oppression is usually viewed by oppressors as putting pressure on the oppressed to behave properly.

Right, so like using the police to criminalize a minority population. Or the real estate industry colluding to keep out a minority from living in a certain area. Or asking someone not to wear a demeaning shirt. All totally the same thing.

what you are condoning is not politely asking, as if that ever got anything accomplished in this world. polite requests can be politely ignored.

you are condoning bullying. bullying is threatening and demeaning in a way a shirt can only hope to one day accomplish, for the record.

Re: Most violence in the world is motivated by moral sentiments

#319
post #192

Earlier quoted context omitted.

This entire post is an amazing textbook example of "No true Scotsman" fallacy.

This is my least favorite logical fallacy, because it's misapplied as an argumentative shortcut in almost every case, including this one. In particular, with No True Scotsman being flung about as carelessly as it is these days, there's no way for any group to exclude certain positions or ideas as outside their own. As an example, the US Army has certain eligibility requirements regarding age, citizenship, and physica…

On the contrary, this fallacy is very important and applicable. Without it you cannot criticise any group G on the basis of X when a member of this group happens to declare that "I'm not X and anyone who is X is not a member of G". This is seemingly a perfect defense as long as there's a single member who is not X.

It's important to call out this fallacy, because the membership in a group can't be defined on the basis of a person's conduct, since there's no way to monitor that every member of the group adheres to this conduct. Therefore you can't know if anyone is a member or not unless you watch this person 24/7. There must be a different way to assign membership. A membership of most religions is decided on the basis of self-declaration. A membership in US Army is decided on the basis of application and being approved by the powers in charge. For example if US Army has a tendency to employ rapists, it's valid to criticise US Army for this fact even if they have a rule that forbids such behavior. If self-declared Christians tend to persecute and kill people in the name of religion, it's valid to criticise Christianity for this behavior.

Re: Most violence in the world is motivated by moral sentiments

#320

I find that the most anti-intellectualism, cheap-shot emotional abuse, and stereotyping on the Internet is motivated by moral sentiments through online pseudo "activists" who are really working out their anger and self-esteem issues under the supposed imprimatur of one cause or another. This goes for select subsets of both ends of the political spectrum, and select subgroups on both sides of any hot-button issue. Att…

"The Toxoplasma Of Rage", an excellent essay[0] by Scott Alexander, points out that sadly there are only two choices for activists today - behave nicely, gather universal agreement to their cause and then get completely ignored, or draw attention to their cause by being so hated by everyone, that half of the audience starts working against the cause just in spite. [0] - http://slatestarcodex.com/2014/12/17/the-toxopl…

Great read, thanks.
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