My sister is a molecular biologist and VP of a major genomics company. And she gets this stuff wrong like your friend. Having a degree does NOT mean the person knows what they are talking about - it's merely a hopeful Bayesian result!!
The spike protein is expressed from the vaccine mRNA payload in ANY cell that the liposome merges with. And that is known to be any epithelial cell in the body.
Then the cell WILL DIE. And be broken up. And then the spike protein will circulate where ever the "infected" cell was located. It could be in the lymph, in the blood stream, in the gut, etc.
THUS IS IT NOT ONLY IN THE CYTOPLASM!!
The mRNA is gone quickly if and only if the liposome is absorbed.
But BOTH the liposomes and the spike protein is well-documented to persist in the blood stream for 2-3 days! It literally says that in research submitted to FDA for the EUA!
The lipids are merely what is officially listed as "active ingredients". It's SOP to NOT list anything that isn't directly active for the original purpose of the FDA approval. This is where things get very fuzzy and potentially dangerous.
Technically, through "orthodox DNA-RNA-Protein" processes the mRNA doesn't alter DNA, however the mRNA absolutely can cause epigenetic effects and THOSE can alter DNA in some cases (e.g. change mitotic and meiotic processes) and alter gene expression which is often functionally equivalent to changing DNA. The "orthodox" doesn't allow for epigenetics. It thinks junk DNA is really junk (despite being evolutionarily conserved) and that we still operate in a "one-gene-one-phenotype/protein" regime.
Coronaviruses ALWAYS have been endemic. That is the nature of the family at a DNA-level!! You are being a techno-utopian pollyanna to claim otherwise! The real world does not kowtow to your utopianism and that you are an utopian absolutely means you are not scientific, not understanding how science works and you are expressing a religious view, not a reality-based STEM view!