Earlier quoted context omitted.
> You literally can't start an airline from scratch. Gonna need a citation on this one. I would guess the actual reason airlines are hard to start from scratch is the massive capital required, but would be interested in having this guess proven incorrect. Porter Airlines in Canada (which presumably has a very similar regulatory regime) was started from scratch about 20 years ago.
Porter Airlines appears to have started in an entirely unique regulatory regime, actually: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_Airlines In particular, airline monopoly control over allocation of terminal resources at an airport is not a useful prerequisite to generalize from.
I did a quick skim of that wiki article (skimmed a couple sections, ctrl+f'd for "regulat" and "monopoly"), but couldn't find anything about a unique regulatory regime. There has been regulatory issues with the Toronto Island Airport (where porter wants to extend the runway to allow jets to land, but no one* else wants this), but I don't see where they required a unique regulatory regime?