I the last few years I had to move contries a few times and basically rebuild my entire social circle each time – and it made me aware how much of finding friends is just a matter of logistics. I think that much of the loneliness problem comes down to people just not having a process that helps them meet new friends. In most places, there's a surprising amount of events where you can meet new people. For me it was op…
There really is a massive gulf between small-town friend-making strategies and big-city friend-making strategies. In a small town you can form a friend group by osmosis, because there's exactly two churches, exactly two bars, exactly one grocery store, so you see everyone regularly and, furthermore, you have no choice who to socialize with, and you know everyone else also has no choice who to socialize with, so you a…
Learning to get along with other people, not just the people you like, and not just the people in your "in-group", is a massively important social skill.
American urbanites tend stick out here in Japan precisely for this reason. They only associate with each other and complain constantly about how Japan is "so backwards" compared to back home. There's no olive bar at the supermarket, there's no vegan meat, etc.
Folks from non-Anglosphere countries -- urban or rural -- usually integrate far better, at least as much as one can in Japan.
> ... but gossip runs rampant and even your best friend might be cruel to you when out of earshot.
This happens all the time in cities. San Francisco was full of the most empty-smiling, gossip-spreading, stab-you-in-the-back people I've encountered in my life.