Earlier quoted context omitted.
In addition, it's not like leaving a PhD funded by an NSF GRFP leaves zero net positive impact. Funding research leads to papers (hopefully with valuable insights) and to knowledge and training passed down to other researchers. I don't think it's a very good analogy to startup funding in that sense. (Although I suppose one could make the argument that alums of failed companies have hard-earned experience so some of t…
In the best case I think that's possible, but in the usual case someone who leaves a PhD program after a year does very little research. US-style PhDs don't typically require a master's degree first, so first-year PhD students are doing mainly course work and "figure out what I want to do for my PhD" project-shopping. If you do that for a year and bail, it's pretty common that you wrote zero papers and did very littl…
I think you're right re: clawbacks, though. I can't imagine the mental pressure were the scenario to be "you MUST stay in academia or you owe the government $XXXk". I actually know a PhD student on a (non-US) government scholarship who has a clause like that. He calls it his "slave contract".
Getting back to the original topic, I think that for any venture with a high rate of failure (startups or grad school or...), there has to be some room to allow the funded person/people to say "this isn't working" in good faith and pivot or leave. That's totally different from someone taking funding without the intention to use it properly, or just deciding they're bored or whatnot.