Earlier quoted context omitted.
You can't double-spend the outputs unless you get rid of the blocks they were originally spent in, i.e. rewinding and re-mining all of them.
Why is this? My understanding of the way the network operates is that a group with 51% of hashing power can essentially arbitrarily manipulate the blockchain going forward. Nothing could stop them from confirming otherwise invalid transactions (re-spending the original outputs) and mining those new transactions. After which, clients, only looking backwards to the first block a transaction resides in, wouldn't notice…
This means that if the purported thieves have transferred their coins to e.g. an exchange, potentially any of the transactions the exchange has made since then could be reversed, cascading from there.