Imho, C++ should be thought of as a new language with a degree of backward compatibility with old C code, not as a 'bigger C'.
How I'd start:
Lesson 1: Pointers don't exist in C++, we
have references.
Lesson 2: malloc() doesn't exist in C++
Lesson 3: Templates are awesome.
Lesson 4: Smart pointers are awesome.
Lesson 5: 'Structs' can have constructors, and
they're awesome!
Lesson 5.5: Exceptions are awesome!
Lesson 6: 'Structs' can have copy constructors and
assignment operators, but the default ones do
exactly what you'd expect so you shouldn't have
to write them often.
Lesson 7: OK, OK... pointers still exist in C++ but
smart pointers and references make them almost
deprecated, right?
Lesson 8: ...oh, and if you use raw C pointers you
need to do all this extra donkey work when it
comes to handling exceptions, and write a lot
more of those pesky copy and move constructors
and assignment operators I told you you didn't
need to write.
Example: writing a smart pointer (with C pointers!)
Lesson 9: Implementing a safe, dynamic, exception-safe
array in C++ using templates and C pointers.
Lesson 10: back to sanity, the ease of using
(or the output of lesson 9) in every day code.
Introduction to the STL, , etc.
...and so on. The idea is to first teach the common C++ way, and then teach the penalty of ignoring it and going the C way, and then the places where you need to pay that penalty.
Imho teaching inheritance or virtual functions early is also a bad sign. I'd go with public/private access control first (leaving protected), then member functions, then pure virtual member functions and basic inheritance, all the while presenting no hint of Circles and Ellipses, just interfaces.