"Unlike other countries, Americans are taxed not only as residents of the US but also as citizens, wherever they live." Huh?? Just because you are a US citizen, you have to pay taxes to the US wherever you live? Is any other country in the world having such policies?
Yes, although there is a high deductible (~$80k, as I recall). It's never been something I needed to worry about, but FATCA most definitely will be. I don't know the answer to your last question, but I've never personally heard of another nation with similar policies.
Is there a penalty just for not filing? penalties can cripple you.