Hi OldSchool,
Thank you very much.
In terms of pixel density: You may have noticed that the "megapixel wars" have pretty much stopped. And even the sensor that I've been using for nearly all of my "world record sized" is the 18-megapixel APS-c (1.6X "crop") Canon sensor (550D, 7D). The 7D is nearly 4 years old! Only in recent months has Canon released a camera with smaller pixels (the 20 megapixel 70D). Why?
One major reason is that lenses can't resolve much more than this. Your 10 year old lens that was built for film might not yield any detail at 100% zoom.
Another reason is that they are hitting limits with the wavelength of light. Correcting "chromatic aberration" on the sensor at this resolution is becoming a major issue. Each RGB sensor on the camera responds to a range of wavelengths, each one of which gets distorted differently. These all get mixed together and it's definitely not possible to disentangle them. So, to some degree, CA is impossible to fix completely.
These are large sensors and large, expensive lenses we are talking about here. With smaller phone sensors and their tiny lenses, the problem is worse. Looking at all phone photos, there isn't really anything interesting at 100% zoom, I think you won't lose any detail at all if you make the photo 70% of its original size.
To answer your question - it will take a great number of breakthroughs before there is anything like a 10 gigapixel sensor, with a lens that can resolve details for such a sensor.