Earlier quoted context omitted.
We don't know that. There are plenty of examples on Earth of cross-species infections. No telling how microbial/fungal agents could directly attack or indirectly impact the delicate balance here on Earth. Further, any microbe hitching a ride aboard an alien may well find Earth's general environment to be easy to thrive in. Think Kudzu, but at the microbial level. Eventually, the alien microbe and/or the natural Earth…
You assume that all life would be carbon based. And even assuming a "super fit" carbon-base alien microbe, the worst you could get would be some kind of eco-disaster that will end up being controlled anyway - like some sort of alien-algae overpopulating our oceans doing some eco-havoc. Even that would involve a kind of "super-fitness" created by an accelerated evolution running for much longer than here on Earth, as…
As for microbes from other worlds, who knows. The properties of water are pretty much required for life (as far as we know) and so they'd have 0 trouble interfacing with most organisms. Combine that with the fact that the basic amino acids can form in a wide range of conditions and you've got the recipe for interference. Also, infections happen when organisms invade and multiple, some times the damage is a secondary side effect (i.e. waste or toxic byproducts)