Earlier quoted context omitted.
See my comment upthread, it helps a bit, but does not close this hole since apps within the same profile can communicate through IPC, so other apps could provide network access on their behalf. I think the best example is probably Play Services, which provides functionality for a lot of apps and will communicate with Google, etc. (Yes, you can disable network access to Play Services, but it sometimes breaks things an…
I'm not an Android user. What's a profile? Is that a user thing or a developer thing?
They were designed so multiple people could use one device.
Some people use them to separate identities or contain apps they view as bad. I'm not sure if the efficacy of this.
Grapheneos improves them significantly https://grapheneos.org/features#improved-user-profiles