It's a reflection of expectations about the future economy. Obviously, such expectations are not always accurate because humans are quite fallible when trying to predict the future. This is even more true when there is a lot of hype about a certain product.
Yesterdays price of (say) NVidia was based on the expectation that companies would need to buy N billion of USD of GPUs per year. Now Deepseek comes out and makes a point that N/10 would be enough. From there it can go two ways:
- NVidia's expected future sales drop by 90%.
- The reduced price for LLMs should allow companies to push AI into markets that were previously not cost effective. Maybe this can 10x the total available market, but since the estimated total available market was already ~everything (due to hype) that seems unlikely.
- NVidia finds another usecase for GPUs to offset the reduced demand from AI companies.
In practice, it will probably be some combination of all three. The real problems are not caused for the "shovel sellers" but for companies like OpenAI and Anthropic, who now suddenly have to compete against a competitor that can produce the same product at (apparently) a fraction of the price.