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Malware can turn off webcam LED and record video, demonstrated on ThinkPad X230

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Re: Malware can turn off webcam LED and record video, demonstrated on ThinkPad X230

#192

I can see why some people might be concerned about the camera, but I'm far more concerned by the microphone. There's far more sensitive and actionable information that can be gathered from me that way! I'm glad that macOS started putting a light in the menubar when the microphone is in use, but I'd prefer to have unhackable hardware for that instead.

I'm not sure if an attacker could get some additional sensitive information from me with access to the microphone or the camera, if they already have full access to my PC (files, screen captures, keylogger). Most things they would be interested in is already there.

Re: Malware can turn off webcam LED and record video, demonstrated on ThinkPad X230

#193
post #3

I thought the whole point of these camera LEDs was to have them wired to/through the power to the camera, so they are always on when the camera is getting power, no matter what. Having the LED control exposed through the firmware completely defeats this.

An indicator light hardwired is nice but I apparently can't trust hardware manufacturers to design it properly. My work laptop (HP Dragonfly) has a physical blocker that closes over the camera when I haven't explicitly pressed the button that enables the camera. The blocker is black and white stripes so it's very obvious when it's covering the sensor. This should absolutely be the security standard we all strive for…

The Dell Latitude business laptops now have a wired led and wired switch. Besides the white led, there’s no indication which is on or off, and I don’t trust any of the software or firmware chain to be reliable. (score one for macs being transparent and prescient)

Re: Malware can turn off webcam LED and record video, demonstrated on ThinkPad X230

#194

Earlier quoted context omitted.

There's lots of people who aren't "serious about video meetings" but still want to be able to do a face-to-face chat with family or whatnot.

So get a $15 USB webcam.

I bought a laptop specifically so I had less objects and wires to carry around.

Re: Malware can turn off webcam LED and record video, demonstrated on ThinkPad X230

#195
post #87
post #81

Earlier quoted context omitted.

I believe that it’s not literally hardwired in the sense that powering up the camera also powers up the camera LED, and instead this relies on logic in the hopefully un-flashable camera+LED firmware. Someone correct me if I’m wrong. You need some logic to enforce things like a minimum LED duration that keeps the LED on for a couple seconds even if the camera is only used to capture one brief frame. I have a script th…

A capacitor can hold enough charge to power led for noticable amount of time even if powered for a brief moment, no logic needed

I don't think they would waste a high value capacitor just to keep a led lit for longer, also a led directly lit by a capacitor would be noticeable by slowly dimming when the capacitor discharges. It's more likely that the signal driving the led comes out of a monostable implemented in code: pin_on() drives the led on; pin_off() waits n secs then drives the led off.

Re: Malware can turn off webcam LED and record video, demonstrated on ThinkPad X230

#196
post #176

Earlier quoted context omitted.

No firmware is required. Macbooks manufactured since 2014 turn on the LED whenever any power is supplied to the camera sensor, and force the LED to remain on for at least 3 seconds. (Source: I architected the feature)

Thanks for your reply — yourself as the Source can only make me feel flattered then for you responding to me. > Macbooks manufactured since 2014 turn on the LED whenever any power is supplied to the camera sensor, and force the LED to remain on for at least 3 seconds. That convinced me originally I think, good old days! I'd almost forgotten about it. The way you phrased it, it sounded like 50% OS concern to me. But i…

I was not very popular with the camera firmware folks for a while. They had to re-architect a bunch of things as they used to occasionally power on the camera logic without powering the sensor array to get information out of the built-in OTP. Because the LED now came on whenever the camera was powered they had to defer all that logic.

Re: Malware can turn off webcam LED and record video, demonstrated on ThinkPad X230

#197
post #71
post #51

Earlier quoted context omitted.

They are hardwired on Macbooks. From Daring Fireball, quoting an email from an Apple engineer. > All cameras after [2008] were different: The hardware team tied the LED to a hardware signal from the sensor: If the (I believe) vertical sync was active, the LED would light up. There is NO firmware control to disable/enable the LED. The actual firmware is indeed flashable, but the part is not a generic part and there ar…

>The actual firmware is indeed flashable, but the part is not a generic part and there are mechanisms in place to verify the image being flashed. That might make it harder to develop a hack, but one would hope that if the hardware team tied the LED to a hardware signal, it would not matter if the firmware were reflashed.

Many complex chips have GPIO signals rather than hardwired outputs. That way you can select any [5-10] of [20-100] functions for each pin. As a result, things that you think should be hardwired are controlled by firmware.

Re: Malware can turn off webcam LED and record video, demonstrated on ThinkPad X230

#198
post #163
post #81

Earlier quoted context omitted.

I believe that it’s not literally hardwired in the sense that powering up the camera also powers up the camera LED, and instead this relies on logic in the hopefully un-flashable camera+LED firmware. Someone correct me if I’m wrong. You need some logic to enforce things like a minimum LED duration that keeps the LED on for a couple seconds even if the camera is only used to capture one brief frame. I have a script th…

I happen to have some first-hand knowledge around the subject! In 2014 someone did a talk[0] on disabling the camera on some older Macbooks. It was fairly trivial, basically just reflashing the firmware that controlled the LED. I worked on the security team at Apple at the time and in response to this I attempted to do the same for more modern Macbooks. I won't go into the results but the decision was made to re-arch…

Thanks for posting this interesting tidbit! I find this kind of knowledge absolutely fascinating!

Re: Malware can turn off webcam LED and record video, demonstrated on ThinkPad X230

#199

Earlier quoted context omitted.

So get a $15 USB webcam.

I bought a laptop specifically so I had less objects and wires to carry around.

But you do carry your phone with you right? You can use that as a webcam/mic.

Re: Malware can turn off webcam LED and record video, demonstrated on ThinkPad X230

#200
post #3

I thought the whole point of these camera LEDs was to have them wired to/through the power to the camera, so they are always on when the camera is getting power, no matter what. Having the LED control exposed through the firmware completely defeats this.

In the past I've used microsnitch on macos which tells you when the mic or camera are activated, but macos seems to have support for this baked into the os now. In zoom calls the menu bar shows what is active. If this can be sidestepped and avoided in software, and the camera can be activated without any indicator, I do not know. If direct access can be done, and you don't need to go through some apple api to hit the…

Using this tool requires disabling SIP, so not "easily bypassed" at least from a malware perspective.
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