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What could explain the gallium anomaly?

quantamagazine.org

51–60 of 105 posts

Re: What could explain the gallium anomaly?

#51
post #45
post #29

> While Russia’s invasion of Ukraine “has complicated things,” Elliott said, the collaboration between the U.S. and Russia on BEST is still ongoing, for now. Nice to hear in these uncertain times.

How is that "nice"? The fact that 3 years in we are still collaborating with Russia on the ISS and in other scientific programs is deeply disturbing. I get that the ISS is a special circumstance and a difficult knot to unravel. That's an extremely unique situation and it's not worth digging into at length for this situation. Life support onboard for all occupants relies on a continuing collaboration. Beyond the ISS s…

> I'm generally pragmatic about things

Not nearly pragmatic enough. Of course the war is terrible and of course Russia is to blame. But the world doesn't stop moving and high level co-operation still needs to continue. Russia is still a big, powerful, important country and we can't just cancel everything in a fit of spite.

I mean, even Ukraine, even while it's being brutalized by its neighbor, still maintains high level connections to organize prisoner transfers. There's regular communication between the RUAF and NATO to deconflict and identify each other's assets to avoid misunderstandings and accidents. All of this continues, war or not, because everyone knows the alternative is just that much worse.

It's no different for the scientific cooperation. War or not, everyone knows it is in everyone's best interest for cooperation to continue. The scientific ties long predate the war, and will continue long after everyone has forgotten it, too.

And I'm surprised you then completely contradict your moral point - which I disagree with, but it is a point - by suggesting the West engage with China, a prospect against which almost the exact same argument can be made. Of course, taking the "we only co-operate with partners with sparkling moral rectitude" line even further, you could argue that no-one should be co-operating with the USA, with its two disastrous recent wars, either. See where this goes?

Re: What could explain the gallium anomaly?

#52
post #46
post #45

Earlier quoted context omitted.

How is that "nice"? The fact that 3 years in we are still collaborating with Russia on the ISS and in other scientific programs is deeply disturbing. I get that the ISS is a special circumstance and a difficult knot to unravel. That's an extremely unique situation and it's not worth digging into at length for this situation. Life support onboard for all occupants relies on a continuing collaboration. Beyond the ISS s…

The problem is these joint scientific efforts were and continue to be effective tools to diffuse more dangerous possibilities. In case you have forgotten Russia is still the 2nd largest nuclear power and their arsenal is enough to eliminate pretty much all life on Earth. The war in Ukraine is terrible but don't underestimate how much worse things could get. If things do get worse it's back channels like space collabo…

>their arsenal is enough to eliminate pretty much all life on Earth

Lol, not even close.

Re: What could explain the gallium anomaly?

#53
post #47
post #46

Earlier quoted context omitted.

The problem is these joint scientific efforts were and continue to be effective tools to diffuse more dangerous possibilities. In case you have forgotten Russia is still the 2nd largest nuclear power and their arsenal is enough to eliminate pretty much all life on Earth. The war in Ukraine is terrible but don't underestimate how much worse things could get. If things do get worse it's back channels like space collabo…

Glad we agree on China at least. I highly disagree about Russia being a modern nuclear power. China and Israel are really the only countries that have the modern infrastructure required to maintain significant nuclear presences other than the US. Russia today is mostly living off of the remnants of pre-1985 Soviet energy infrastructure investments. They have some nuclear capability, but it's far, far below what the U…

a) This isn't true, quite the opposite.

b) The shilling for "#yolo, let's start nuclear war with Russia" is a bad idea. Trust me. You don't want to go there.

Re: What could explain the gallium anomaly?

#56
post #45
post #29

> While Russia’s invasion of Ukraine “has complicated things,” Elliott said, the collaboration between the U.S. and Russia on BEST is still ongoing, for now. Nice to hear in these uncertain times.

How is that "nice"? The fact that 3 years in we are still collaborating with Russia on the ISS and in other scientific programs is deeply disturbing. I get that the ISS is a special circumstance and a difficult knot to unravel. That's an extremely unique situation and it's not worth digging into at length for this situation. Life support onboard for all occupants relies on a continuing collaboration. Beyond the ISS s…

This project highlights the complexity of the real world. Not all of russia is evil. So why should the good be isolated, starved, punished? True, people in power can cause irreparable harm to neighboring nations, or even their own (Stalin?) Do we therefore obliterate all contributions of Soviet math, science and engineering and expunge them from our internet?

In the face of injustice caused by politicians and corporations, we must privately support those individuals doing good work.

Re: What could explain the gallium anomaly?

#57
post #47

Earlier quoted context omitted.

Glad we agree on China at least. I highly disagree about Russia being a modern nuclear power. China and Israel are really the only countries that have the modern infrastructure required to maintain significant nuclear presences other than the US. Russia today is mostly living off of the remnants of pre-1985 Soviet energy infrastructure investments. They have some nuclear capability, but it's far, far below what the U…

a) This isn't true, quite the opposite. b) The shilling for "#yolo, let's start nuclear war with Russia" is a bad idea. Trust me. You don't want to go there.

Living in the world as a hostage to nuclear weapon yielding crazies is a fate worse than death for some free-minded people.

Re: What could explain the gallium anomaly?

#58
post #20
post #16

Earlier quoted context omitted.

Google is (still) a great tool for this sort of conversion. It comes up with just under 58 barrels: https://www.google.com/search?q=57+tonnes+%2F+%286.1+g%2Fcm%...

> Google is (still) a great tool for this sort of conversion Alas, not in this case, since Google is interpreting that as a 42-gallon "petrochemical-industry traditional abstract measuring unit of crude oil" as opposed to a 55-gallon "physical container readers may have seen and everybody actually uses." (Including to hold crude oil, in the rare cases that it's not in an enormous tank or pipeline.) Perhaps this is an…

It is remarkable that you spotted the inaccuracy. You make a good point about it being wrong but not wrong enough.

OTOH, the correct answer by your reasoning is 44 barrels. For my purposes, 58 is right enough. I can't even visualize the difference between 44 and 58 barrels.

44 barrels is about 323 cubic feet (9.1 cubic meters). That's about the size of my bathroom.

57 tons in my tiny bathroom. Gallium is shockingly dense. Which makes sense.

Re: What could explain the gallium anomaly?

#59
post #47
post #46

Earlier quoted context omitted.

The problem is these joint scientific efforts were and continue to be effective tools to diffuse more dangerous possibilities. In case you have forgotten Russia is still the 2nd largest nuclear power and their arsenal is enough to eliminate pretty much all life on Earth. The war in Ukraine is terrible but don't underestimate how much worse things could get. If things do get worse it's back channels like space collabo…

Glad we agree on China at least. I highly disagree about Russia being a modern nuclear power. China and Israel are really the only countries that have the modern infrastructure required to maintain significant nuclear presences other than the US. Russia today is mostly living off of the remnants of pre-1985 Soviet energy infrastructure investments. They have some nuclear capability, but it's far, far below what the U…

Eh, I wouldn't discount India and France so fast.

Re: What could explain the gallium anomaly?

#60
Could the gallium anomaly be explained by something far more prosaic? For example, in water, there are all kinds of species of different anions and cations present, existing in equilibrium with each other. Water forms complex semi-crystalline structures by virtue of hydrogen bonds. Although they are not true crystals, the supramolecular structures of individual water molecules and the valence species create a sophisticated structure, even in a seemingly homogenous substance.

Now, consider if something similar happens with gallium. What if the electron configuration of gallium's orbitals means that gallium, in its liquid form, also has various anions and cations? Moreover, what if gallium can form analogs to hydrogen bonds, leading to semi-crystalline or structured forms?

This structured form could provide some shielding to the gallium atoms, making them less likely to be converted via neutrinos to germanium. Instead of impacting a nucleus at the expected rate, the overlapping orbital bonds and electron resonance might offer a form of shielding. This shielding could make the gallium atoms more stable and less reactive, thereby reducing their conversion to germanium.

While this idea applies a chemical concept to nuclear chemistry or physics, and may not align perfectly with the traditional views of high-energy particle physicists and astronomers, it offers a potentially more prosaic explanation for the gallium anomaly. This perspective might not have been top of mind for those focused on high-energy interactions and could be worth considering further.

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