I favor the general point here, but the leading anecdote doesn’t really fit with the lessons learned. A government organization generally does not need an innovation doctrine to avoid being outcompeted because they are a monopoly provider. They maintain that monopoly through force. If you want to get a government agency to perform better, fix the incentives.
The USDS is enabled to succeed in this mission through the support of the Executive Office of the President, the equivalent of corporate executive sponsorship. Culture comes from the top.
https://www.usds.gov/impact-report/2024/
https://www.usds.gov/impact-report/2024/by-the-numbers/
(full disclosure: went through a USDS interview cycle and was extended an offer, no other affiliation)