Then there is our culture a meme of the irrepressible underdog, the New England inventor, the riverboat gambler, the mountain prospector, the Silicon Valley programmer. Business failure is not career or reputation ending, it's character building. It probably enhances you chances the second time around. In contrast I remember reading that in Germany if you failed you were done; no one would give you another chance. Banks controlled everything and were so risk adverse you probably couldn't get the money in the first place. My brother in law's business in Brazil went bankrupt. He didn't get a fresh start. He just stayed out of jail until he could pay it back. He was a chemical engineer, but he had to work in a grocery store. It is amazing how low the barriers to entry are here. Anyone interested in how Silicon Valley became Silicon Valley should read Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128 by AnnaLee Saxenian.
In most of the world it is difficult to start a business. According to the Economist it takes $20,000 in fees and deposits to start a business. In many countries it takes one or two years plus bribes to get permission to start. In San Luis Obispo County it took me $120 and an hour at the county offices. And YC may even give you the money.
I think I agree with Paul's conclusion if not with his antecedents. I think we are moving away from a credentials based culture to a reputation based one, not because parental manipulation can falsify credentials, but because an individual on the web can build a reputation through a web of contacts, through writing, through performance, through reputons (small quanta of reputation). I went to Harvard. That's a reputon. I got my degree in economics. That's probably an anti-reputon. At least in the software industry, you can build a reputation thats worth more than a bunch of certificates.