I am not sure if this is exactly what you are asking. Are you looking for aggregated data on yourself or methods to discover what is being transferred?
For the latter:
One thing you can do is install a man in the middle and "sniff" what is being transferred by your phone (at least on wifi).
I use a tool called Proxyman, it allows me to install a self signed certificate on my phone and this allows the decryption of SSL traffic by Proxyman. From there its kinda like Wireshark (If you have used that).
It basically shows you all the data going in and out of the device.
So with the pieces set up you then start a new sniffing session and then open up an app on your phone and use it. This will show you all the data that is being transferred.
A lot of apps are transferring all sorts of data. For myself its become so burdensome that I am trying to find a way to automate this analysis for all my apps so I can build a personal "web" of what data has left what app and keep a record of it.
Not all data is horrendous, for example every app I have tested transfers some sort of data on analytics for QA and app quality improvements. Things like app crash reports or other things of that nature. Thats not so bad compared to other data.
You can also try decompiling an app and seeing what libraries are used. Using these two things for example I learned about the 7-Eleven app and its usage of Bluetooth beacons so they can track were you are going when you are in their store.