BioNTech and Moderna have entered the chat.
That's pretty much precisely what happened in the COVID-19 vaccine race.
Though to be fair, basic research into mRNA vaccines dates to 1989, clinical trials to 2001, though quite obviously not for COVID-19 vaccines themselves.
The Covid vaccines were actually formulated within days of widespread public awareness of the disease. What took months were clinical trials (begun April 2020, Phase III by November of the same year), and emergency use authorisation by December 2020, and ramping up production and distribution, the first less than 12 months after the WHO had first announced the disease, the second (widespread availability) within 18 months.
Different conditions and treatments are of course widely divergent. Vaccines against viruses are reasonably well understood and simple in principle (trigger an immune-system response without triggering the disease), though even here some viruses can prove difficult to vaccinate against (rhinoviruses, forms of viral hepatitis, HIV). Pharmaceutical treatments against cardivascular, neurological, oncological, psychological, and other conditions are quite different. And in the case of infectious bacterial pathogens, I've been hearing and reading about the lack of effective novel antibiotic agents for nearly 50 years. In the case of some ancient scourges (totally drug-resistant tuberculosis is at or near the top of my list) this is truly terrifying.
The other challenge is that what the pharmaceutical industry focuses on --- chronic conditions facing wealthy populations with high-payout insurance --- often fails to match the true personal and public health concerns of humans at large. Much of the pharmaceutical industry's concentration is on relabeling or recertifying existing drugs, either to a new condition or with mildly tweaked formulations or delivery which serve to extend patent protection. Neither greatly advances the pharmaceutical formulary, and many at-risk populations go unserved.