> Eliezer himself didn’t believe that staggering advances in AI were going to happen the way they did, by pure scaling of neural networks. He seems to have thought someone was going to discover a revolutionary “key” to AI. That didn’t happen; you might say I was right to be skeptical of it.
It’s interesting so many people in the field thought neural networks would not lead to AI. Back when I started working with them around 2013, I thought we’d have AGI by 2030 (which was an especially quacky view back then that has now become an only slightly quacky view), but I also believed there was absolutely no way neural networks would be the approach that got us there. They seemed like fancy regression or curve interpolators—good perhaps for approximating molecular energies in an efficient way but not capable of having a conversation with me.
The “magic” that I thought neural networks were missing was algorithmic capability. Sure, they are universal function approximators, but that’s a bit of a hack theorem, and I didn’t think there was a realistic way to make use of that mathematical oddity; how could one practically train a neural network to compute a SHA256 hash? In fact, I still don’t think NNs can do that. But what I failed to realize, however, is that perhaps they could write the code to generate the hash. In retrospect, it seems kind of obvious, because of course the human brain can’t compute a hash function either—we just write code to do it as well.
Computer programs today seem to fall into one of two categories:
- “soft”: statistical learning or iterative linear algebra (NNs, SVMs, spectral methods, Monte Carlo, embeddings)
- “hard”: rigid, algorithmic, discontinuous (cryptography, mathematical proof systems, discrete optimization)
While most processes that occur in the human brain are probably characterizable as “soft”, I thought the uniqueness of human intelligence was due to a small but powerful amount of “hard” processing—and that we required a breakthrough in this area to achieve human-level AI. The release of GPT 3 immediately killed this viewpoint for me.
That said, while I now believe we may be able to achieve AGI using “soft” computation alone, I still think that achieving optimal AGI will require extremely “hard”, algorithmic computation. Optimal AGI would be that which performs better than any other computable algorithm on a very general problem space given some reasonable objective function. It’s quite possible there are many different starting points (non-optimal AIs) for getting there—neural networks being one of them—but as these systems recursively improve themselves, my guess is that they all end up converging on one universal, algorithmic, optimal AGI.