Elixir saves Pinterest $2M a year in server costs

The devil, however, is once you go beyond the trivial.

First, the units of work operate completely differently, BEAM follows the actor model rather than CSP, meaning every actor has an address / mailbox and the actors can send one another messages through this, any actor can send any other actor (they're aware of) messages, and actors can process their mailboxes however they want.

But BEAM is also completely strict and steadfast about its actor model: its actors are processes, each has its own stack but also its own heap, when one actor sends a message to an other, the message content gets copied (/ moved) from one stack or heap to an other, processes do not share memory[0]. Incidentally this is what makes distribution relatively transparent (not entirely so, but impressively still): if everything you do out to interact with others is send asynchronous one-way messages, it doesn't really matter whether they're in the same process (OS), in a different process (OS), or on a different machine entirely.

The reason BEAM works like that however is not for any sort of theoretical purity, instead it is in service to reliability, which is the second big difference between BEAM and Go: BEAM error handling is inter-process, not intra-process. BEAM's error handling philosophy is that processes encounter errors, for all sort of reasons, and when that happens you can't know the entire state of the process, so you just kill it[1] and it should have one of its buddies which is linked to it, and whose job is to handle this and orchestrate what happens.

BEAM has built-in support for linking and monitoring. In the context of erlang, linking means that if one process dies (crashes), the other is sent a special message which also kills it. This message can be received as a normal message instead, in order to handle the crash of your sibling (in which case you receive various metadata on the crash). Monitoring means you just want to receive the crash signal. The reason you might prefer linking to monitoring is that if you're a manager of other processes and you crash, you probably want all the processes you manage to die as well. Which doesn't happen with monitors.

That is because BEAM has its origins in telecommunications, where reliability means redundancy, and oversight. So the way you structure an application in beam (often) is a tree of processes, where many of the processes have oversight of a subtree, handle fuckups (maybe by restarting, maybe by something else), serve as entry point to their workers, etc..., and if one of the leaves dies that's just a signal sent to its parent, which might just die and signal its parent, which will handle it somehow. This is the design principle known as the supervision tree: https://www.erlang.org/doc/design_principles/des_princ#super...

The third big difference is more philosophical and has to do with code reuse: because of (2) above, a lot of erlang / beam / otp is communicating between processes in a subtree, moving messages between them, exit signal strategies, etc... which leads to behaviours (https://www.erlang.org/doc/design_principles/des_princ#behav...), which are pretty alien because they're more or less mini frameworks, which not only are two things which are usually put opposite one another, but many people don't really want to hear about frameworks.

But that's what they are: behaviours are the encoding of entire prototypal lifecycle and communication patterns, where the user / implementer of the behaviour fills in the "business" bits.

Oh yeah and beam comes with an entire suite of introspectability tooling, which is kinda linked to (2): all the oversight thing ends up at people, so you can connect to a runtime and look at and touch all the things, more or less.

BEAM is a bit of an OS running on an OS really, probably closer in philosophy to the image-based languages of the 80s. In part because it is a language from the 80s. Not quite image based though, or in an other way designed to go even further and just run forever, as it includes built-in support for hot code reloading and migrations (though from what I remember that's not super great or fun, it was quite messy and involved to actually do properly).

By comparison to all that, goroutines are just threads which happen to be cheap so you can have lots.

[0] kinda, some objects live on shared heaps as an optimisation but they're immutable and reference counted so it's an implementation detail.

[1] and here if actors share any memory, an actor might be dying in the middle of updating or holding onto shared state, which means its error corrupts other actors touching the same state

i guess it totally depends on "the thing" in question, but do you have any references for that assertion? that common web framework-ish, orm-ish stuff takes a lot more devs in python and especially in java?