Earlier quoted context omitted.
Fun thing about a car: They have computers that measure all those factors! Your engine knows the air density, air temperature, the rough gravity vector (used for things like hill start assist), lots of info on tire performance, speed, fuel flow, etc etc etc, with more modern cars getting things like GPS details. The estimate they use for range is based on the average fuel economy you get, not some fake model made by…
It doesn’t measure those factors in advance.
Astronomers also don't see into the future but some basic calculations can let them make very accurate predictions about where the planets will be in a month.
What the heck is your point?