Forgive my naïveté regarding Podman. On macOS, does this use the same virtualization approach that docker desktop uses?
Yes. Perhaps OrbStack[1] is what you're looking for. [1] https://orbstack.dev/
How does it work? Why is it fast?
OrbStack uses a lightweight Linux virtual machine with tightly-integrated, purpose-built services and networking written in a mix of Swift, Go, Rust, and C. See Architecture for more details.