"Chinese Students: They work much harder at their studies and exhibit greater patience in problem-solving than their American counterparts thanks to their cultural legacy of long days toiling in rice paddies."
Gladwell is a great writer, but this point is not him at his best. I'm married to a Chinese-born woman and we have plenty of Chinese friends and co-workers. They are indeed a hard-working people, but there are no rice paddies in northern China (too cold), where they work just as hard and do not eat much rice. Their preferred cereal grain is wheat, eaten primarily as noodles and buns. Unfortunately for point cited, it's also the preferred grain of much of the rest of the world.
A more important question is "why have the Chinese suddenly become more productive in the last 25 years?" The culture is much the same now as it was then. What changed? Economic freedom and the decline of economic authoritarianism.
"Having to give something back to the society that developed you" is exactly the argument that the Soviets used to justify prohibiting emmigration, etc. Nice.