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Copyright Registration Guidance: Works containing material generated by AI

federalregister.gov

131–140 of 415 posts

Re: Copyright Registration Guidance: Works containing material generated by AI

#131

Earlier quoted context omitted.

Careful! I’ve always felt that, as written, copyright should not apply to most software. Since only creative expressions may be copyrighted and functional expressions are not copyrightable, it’s very hard to match up the copyrightable portions of software with those that are not. Requiring a declaration of what parts are and are not copyrightable for software would be a major shift in policy and require major changes…

Not advocating copyrightable software, but it seems clear to me that if databases are copyrightable because they represent curation, then software must be too. Any line of code, probably not. But a program as a whole, sure. Otherwise I think you blow up music copyrights too, since a single note isn’t copyrightable and a song is just a bunch of individual notes. At some point, choosing, ordering, and organizing a coll…

I think the open question is whether software is in the realm of patents or of copyrights. It's not unreasonable to suggest the former, since software is kind of like a widget that does stuff, except virtualizing the "widget" part to run on a generic widget of sorts. Copyrights traditionally applied to works that you would consider "artistic" rather than "inventions."

What you're suggesting, about a minimal work, is litigated endlessly with respect to music copyrights (since a lot of pop music is very similar, arguments about plagiarism get crazy), but is part of the law already.

Re: Copyright Registration Guidance: Works containing material generated by AI

#132

> If a work's traditional elements of authorship were produced by a machine, the work lacks human authorship and the Office will not register it. > For example, when an AI technology receives solely a prompt from a human and produces complex written, visual, or musical works in response, the “traditional elements of authorship” are determined and executed by the technology—not the human user. Based on the Office's un…

Don't overlook the fact that agencies like the USCO are at the bottom of the totem pole in terms of determining stuff like this. They move first because they're on the front lines, as it were, but they can be overruled by the courts and the courts can be overruled by congress. 100% this will be litigated and likely altered in the coming months/years.

I really hope it doesn't since the interpretation of copyright laid out above and held by the USCO is so obviously the only interpretation that preserves any usefulness of copyright as a concept whatsoever.

Re: Copyright Registration Guidance: Works containing material generated by AI

#133
post #109

Earlier quoted context omitted.

> But the technology will decide the rhyming pattern, the words in each line, and the structure of the text. What if I generate it 50 times and cobble together a final product from the variants, choosing which line and word and rhyme I like from each sample? Where is the line between LLM and thesaurus/dictionary? The comic book the office rejected seems to me to have crossed a line of significant human editorial disc…

Pretty sure the office said the arrange of the book was itself protectable but the individual images were not. https://www.onmanorama.com/news/world/2023/02/23/comic-book-...

Didn’t the author claim to be photoshopping and compositing the images themselves?

If I render 6 characters, composite them into a background and run the complete composite through another generative step to clean it up, where do I fall?

Re: Copyright Registration Guidance: Works containing material generated by AI

#134

> If a work's traditional elements of authorship were produced by a machine, the work lacks human authorship and the Office will not register it. > For example, when an AI technology receives solely a prompt from a human and produces complex written, visual, or musical works in response, the “traditional elements of authorship” are determined and executed by the technology—not the human user. Based on the Office's un…

Wow, someone needs to notify photographers about this immediately. No more copyright for them.

Re: Copyright Registration Guidance: Works containing material generated by AI

#135

Earlier quoted context omitted.

Careful! I’ve always felt that, as written, copyright should not apply to most software. Since only creative expressions may be copyrighted and functional expressions are not copyrightable, it’s very hard to match up the copyrightable portions of software with those that are not. Requiring a declaration of what parts are and are not copyrightable for software would be a major shift in policy and require major changes…

Not advocating copyrightable software, but it seems clear to me that if databases are copyrightable because they represent curation, then software must be too. Any line of code, probably not. But a program as a whole, sure. Otherwise I think you blow up music copyrights too, since a single note isn’t copyrightable and a song is just a bunch of individual notes. At some point, choosing, ordering, and organizing a coll…

It would be good if songs weren't copyrightable. Going back to having music as a part of culture would be nice.

Re: Copyright Registration Guidance: Works containing material generated by AI

#136

Earlier quoted context omitted.

Not advocating copyrightable software, but it seems clear to me that if databases are copyrightable because they represent curation, then software must be too. Any line of code, probably not. But a program as a whole, sure. Otherwise I think you blow up music copyrights too, since a single note isn’t copyrightable and a song is just a bunch of individual notes. At some point, choosing, ordering, and organizing a coll…

I think the open question is whether software is in the realm of patents or of copyrights. It's not unreasonable to suggest the former, since software is kind of like a widget that does stuff, except virtualizing the "widget" part to run on a generic widget of sorts. Copyrights traditionally applied to works that you would consider "artistic" rather than "inventions." What you're suggesting, about a minimal work, is…

Aren’t dry, non-fiction books copyrightable? I don’t think “creative” necessarily means “artistic”, just making something where there was nothing. It’s hard for me to see a software program as a whole as uncreative in the same way logarithm tables are.

I agree it’s a complex are with no easy answer. But I really think that software, like words and notes and numbers, scales from the generic and unprotectable to the highly creative and protectable. I guess I’m saying we shouldn’t invalidate copyright based on the medium being software, any more than we would for the medium being audio.

Re: Copyright Registration Guidance: Works containing material generated by AI

#138

Earlier quoted context omitted.

Careful! I’ve always felt that, as written, copyright should not apply to most software. Since only creative expressions may be copyrighted and functional expressions are not copyrightable, it’s very hard to match up the copyrightable portions of software with those that are not. Requiring a declaration of what parts are and are not copyrightable for software would be a major shift in policy and require major changes…

Not advocating copyrightable software, but it seems clear to me that if databases are copyrightable because they represent curation, then software must be too. Any line of code, probably not. But a program as a whole, sure. Otherwise I think you blow up music copyrights too, since a single note isn’t copyrightable and a song is just a bunch of individual notes. At some point, choosing, ordering, and organizing a coll…

software works are normally subject to copyright without much further ado.

database works are more commonly subject to rights _similar_ to copyright, but often a class of work in its own right.

Re: Copyright Registration Guidance: Works containing material generated by AI

#139
post #64

This announcement has immediate, significant practical impact for creatives. The most important document a creative had, up until today, was their portfolio -- typically, a look-book of finished pieces. Now, that portfolio needs to include, for every piece, proof-of-work -- snapshots of the whatever-it-is in various states along the road to completion, in sufficient quantity to dissuade any legal claim that the work…

"at maximum, the spectre of AI contribution might virally taint the entire film" - which would also mean that anyone who used GitHub Copilot would not be able to copyright their software code.

I hadn't thought of that -- but yes, it very well might be the case.

Let's say there's a 50% (extremely generous!) limit on AI contribution.

An efficient company will operate close to that line, say, targeting a 49% AI contrib. (Remember how inexpensive AI contribution is in comparsion to human contribution. Market pressure will push people towards tenths of percentage points.)

That means that Joey, your new intern, might accidentally commit enough SLOC to make the whole codebase uncopyrightable.

Even if Joey didn't do that, the possibility of Joey doing that will have a strong deterrent effect on hiring Joey, especially if he's WFH.

The only mitigation would be to record everything Joey does, so that if there's ever any question, they can whip out the recordings of Joey picking his nose or whatever.

Re: Copyright Registration Guidance: Works containing material generated by AI

#140
post #97

I’m curious. If I’ve spent 8 hours getting the perfect prompt, fine tuning a few LORAs, mixing them, choosing between 8 different checkpointed stable diffusion models, and have done a bunch of in painting, does this constitute a copyrightable work? Certainly a lot of artistic vision and effort to get to the finished “work”.

That is the "sweat of the brow" copyright argument, and it has been rejected in by US courts.

Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweat_of_the_brow

Rejection by US courts: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweat_of_the_brow#United_State...

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