A few years ago I started an experiment to see if inexpensive fountain pens with refillable ink would be both cheaper and have less waste. I got a Pilot Metropolitan and a Lamy Safari for around $20 each. I also bought a Pentel mechanical pencil with a plastic barrel (but everything else metal) for around $15 from an art store.
So far, the experiment has been very successful and I'm still on the original bottle of ink and container of pencil leads. But the downside with the pens is that I need at least a minimum paper quality for the pens (the pencil works with anything, of course) to avoid ink bleeding/blotting. I've tried a few Moleskin notebooks and while the paper is of sufficient quality I don't really like the way they feel when writing (personal preference). The good news is that I can get a pretty good sense just by feeling the paper in person, and the notebooks don't necessarily have to be super expensive. But they're never cheap.