Anyone who has read Cryptonomicon should remember that the hero protagonists went to a lot of effort to secure a large mass of gold to 'back' the currency they wanted to create. The Baroque Trilogy is less clear as Isaac Newton mints new currency. Does that mean that perhaps Stephenson's opinions were always that currency needs to be backed by something whether it is gold or national borders.
As I understand money creation, at least the part created by commercial banks as described in "Bank of England: Money creation in the modern economy" -- https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/quarterly-bulletin/2014/q1/m... , that debt-based money is backed by something of value: The promise of the debtor to create something valuable which itself earns money, and more than was used to create it. . Here is a tiny story I onc…
https://www.amazon.com/Frozen-Desire-Meaning-JAMES-BUCHAN/dp...