-----s.-ms.-us.-ns|----------------------------------------------------------
0.1 ns - NOP
0.3 ns - XOR, ADD, SUB
0.5 ns - CPU L1 dCACHE reference (1st introduced in late 80-ies )
0.9 ns - JMP SHORT
1 ns - speed-of-light
?~~~~~~~~~~~ 1 ns - MUL ( i**2 = MUL i, i )
3~4 ns - CPU L2 CACHE reference (2020/Q1)
5 ns - CPU L1 iCACHE Branch mispredict
7 ns - CPU L2 CACHE reference
10 ns - DIV
19 ns - CPU L3 CACHE reference (2020/Q1 considered slow on 28c Skylake)
71 ns - CPU cross-QPI/NUMA best case on XEON E5-46*
100 ns - MUTEX lock/unlock
100 ns - own DDR MEMORY reference
135 ns - CPU cross-QPI/NUMA best case on XEON E7-*
202 ns - CPU cross-QPI/NUMA worst case on XEON E7-*
325 ns - CPU cross-QPI/NUMA worst case on XEON E5-46*
|Q>~~~~~ 5,000 ns - QPU on-chip QUBO ( quantum annealer minimiser 1 Qop )
10,000 ns - Compress 1K bytes with a Zippy PROCESS
20,000 ns - Send 2K bytes over 1 Gbps NETWORK
250,000 ns - Read 1 MB sequentially from MEMORY
500,000 ns - Round trip within a same DataCenter
?~~~ 2,500,000 ns - Read 10 MB sequentially from MEMORY~~
10,000,000 ns - DISK seek
10,000,000 ns - Read 1 MB sequentially from NETWORK
?~~ 25,000,000 ns - Read 100 MB sequentially from MEMORY~~
30,000,000 ns - Read 1 MB sequentially from a DISK
150,000,000 ns - Send a NETWORK packet CA -> Netherlands
1s: | | |
. | | ns|
. | us|
. ms|
(
https://stackoverflow.com/a/33065382)
However,
0.001 ns light transfer in Gemmatimonas phototrophica bacteriae
biology has much more performant/optimized machines, therefore, yes, plenty of room for improvement
in silico.