> Excel-like frontend backed by a database
Microsoft Excel itself can connect to databases (MS SQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, etc). I think you need to have set up the database table(s) elsewhere.
Microsoft Access provides a GUI to any database (including PostgreSQL etc), and (IIRC) the ability to create new tables. It allows editing in a table-like way (rows are locked during editing, if the database supports this), or in a form-like way. Queries can be made in a text/SQL-like way, with a GUI, or in a form-like way. For all this, it supports data types (number, date, lookup-from-another-table etc).
At my previous job, the research scientists had several tools built in Access. It was a very fast way to develop a UI, and the IT industry is less efficient now this is no longer commonly known or understood.
I think Access is Microsoft's best software. It's a very powerful tool, but was also very accessible. You can drag-and-drop to create multi-table/view queries without understanding SQL, then switch the mode and see the SQL. Once you have the query, you can drag-and-drop to create a form (to edit the data) or a report (to format each row as a page to print out etc).