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[books/papers suggestions are welcome!]
The biggest challenges are people problems. Why the hell don’t we have fiber to the home in most of America? Regulatory capture and market failures.
Akamai solved POPs (point of presence). Equinix solved DC. Both are matching towards table stakes in the context of internet infrastructural. (Not business models). We have lots of under-sea cables / international expansions on-going and planned. And it is now more of a cost efficiency problem, not an infrastructural problem.
We have a decent Ethernet roadmap [1], Terabit Ethernet, Petabit under-sea cable by 2030. If anything I see the only internet's infrastructural problems being closer to the consumer / client side of things where Fibre Cables are not being deployed. But I sense the pandemic has changed a lot of perspective on fast internet and Government are now willing to put more pressure into making FTTH as requirement.
If we look at Mobile, even carriers were a little too optimistic in Data usage projection. 5G proved to be sufficient enough in terms of Tower capacity with enough headroom for expansion without requiring Small / Nano Cells.
It might be different set of infrastructural problems, but more regulations on internet in a per country / jurisdictions basis, which would require Internet infrastructure to adapt to these scenario.
Inter-planetary internet... How do you play a game when few of the players are on Mars?