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Not really! There's not an iOS equivalent to the Android "back" concept. On Android pressing "back" will take you to the last screen you were on; importantly this might be in the same app or a different one. It'll also do things like dismiss popups and hide the keyboard, since that's also moving back to a previous state. The back-swipe on iOS is the equivalent of the Android "up" button, in that it's specific to the…
Agreed, it's not a perfect analog, but for me it did work out as a roughly equivalent replacement for what I used the back button for in Android. I've also had really good luck with most apps supporting the convention. But YMMV of course, this is going to be largely dependent on your own usage patterns, app choices, etc.
Honestly, having used both, I prefer the iOS separation of concerns. I've seen a lot of non-technical people get confused about what Android's "back" is going to do, so a button that'll do something different based on the context of how your reached the current screen apparently doesn't map well to many people's mental models of their phones.