The US "intelligence community" is the CIA, NSA, etc.[1] Intelligence analysis is the business of trying to extract useful info from of noisy and deceptive data. Here's an introduction to the field.[2] See especially section 4.
4-11. Analyst have found the following rules helpful in dealing with deception:
- Avoid over-reliance on a single source of information.
- Seek and heed the opinions of those closest to the reporting.
- Be suspicious of human sources or sub-sources who have not been met with personally or for whom it is unclear how or from whom they obtained the information.
- Be suspicious of information that appears to be too easy to collect and is too perfect of a picture.
- Always look for material evidence (documents, reports, imagery) rather than relying exclusively upon what someone says.
- Look for a pattern where a source’s information has seemed correct and accurate initially, but then proven to be false.
- Generate and evaluate a full set of hypotheses at the outset of a task.
- Know the limitations as well as the capabilities of collection assets, sources, and potential deceivers.
This kind of analysis used to be needed only by intelligence specialists. Now this should probably be taught in schools.
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Com...
[2] https://info.publicintelligence.net/USArmy-IntelAnalysis.pdf