I would really like to uninstall chrome from my Android phone but it appears to be impossible. Am I missing something?
I don't know about how it is in the latest phones. But at least for older phones apps which are bundled as part of the OS have a version of the program in the read-only system partition which is used to do factory resets.
So disabling deletes the latest version of the software, and stops it from running on the phone.