Earlier quoted context omitted.
> This isn't the case on Android. I'd argue that it is till the case on Android. Yes, alternate stores are possible, but they are severely handicapped. First, manual APK install has to be enabled in obscure settings that come with a "scary" warning. Then they can't provide auto-updates but require a manual confirmation for each version update. Epic gave up on running their own store on Android due to the difficulties…
IIRC the (proposed? is it in place yet?) EU cap is 0.2% for debit cards and 0.3% for credit cards.
But yes, the regulation came into effect partially in 2015 and fully in 2016.
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:...
It's quite noticeable: all the CC related reward programs have disappeared.