I recently learned about the existence of the Prosthaphaeresis algorithm [0], an even more ancient and obsolete trigonometric calculation technique. It allows you to use a trig table to do calculations when you don't have a log table. To calculate
a x
b, find arccos(
a) and arccos(
b), then use the product-to-sum formula: cos(
a) x cos(
b) = 1/2 x [cos(
a +
b) + cos(
a -
b)]. For example, to calculate 4294967296 x 2147483648. First, scale both numbers down by a factor of 1e10,
a ≈ 0.4295,
b ≈ 0.2147. Next, do inverse trig table lookup:
x = arccos(
a) ≈ 1.1269,
y = arccos(
b) ≈1.3544. Now, sum and difference:
y +
x = 2.4813,
y -
x = 0.2275. Finally, do trig table lookup and scale up, (cos(2.4813) + cos(0.2275)) x 1/2 x 1e20 ≈ 9221026434613711000. The true answer is 9223372036854775808, error is less than 0.03%. It was used by astronomers in the 16th century before logarithm was invented.
I learned it while reading the Wikipedia article Slide Rule, it mentions that two math educators David B. Sher and Dean C. Nataro invented a Prosthaphaeresis slide rule in 2004 - it's what a slide rule may look like in an alternative universe. Unfortunately, I still haven't seen it - I couldn't find the original paper, it doesn't seem to have a DOI, can't use Sci-Hub.
[0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosthaphaeresis