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Obsolete trig functions and why we don't use them anymore (2013)

blogs.scientificamerican.com

41–50 of 144 posts

Re: Obsolete trig functions and why we don't use them anymore (2013)

#41

atan2() is incredibly useful in game development. You can use it to determine the angle between objects, calculate the angle of a 2d vector, and other useful things. https://ryankubik.com/blog/atan2/

> atan2() is incredibly useful in game development

Why game development? It's useful everywhere! I have never found a genuine usage of atan(), it's always atan2() that is natural to use.

Re: Obsolete trig functions and why we don't use them anymore (2013)

#42

Earlier quoted context omitted.

I don't agree at all. This happens all the time. For example, electrical engineering has f , ω , and s , all only differing by basic factors of 2 π or i . As far as I can tell, the main reason this gets done is to give commonly recurring quantities single symbols, to reduce errors in lengthy calculations. When those recurring quantities are meaningfully different, in ways that help prime one's intuition, that's all t…

As an electrical engineer you'll typical use f, ω, and s, in different contexts and you'll learn each of those contexts separately. f: consumer electronics ω: circuits s: frequency response Having multiples of terms for each is definitely a hindrance to education. It makes switching between each use a mental headache.

> As an electrical engineer you'll typical use f, ω, and s, in different contexts and you'll learn each of those contexts separately.

Perhaps it's just my unconventional education (see username), but when I'm doing something like filter design, I really do end up using all of those at once. I'll do the on-paper design portions with s, the computational section of the design with ω, and then when I build the thing to test it, the scope or spectrum analyzer read out in f (if I'm lucky). So they're genuinely all there at once!

Re: Obsolete trig functions and why we don't use them anymore (2013)

#44
post #16

I'm not that old, but I learned the haversine formula in a marine navigation class I took through (boy) scouts. Our instructor was a retired merchant navy officer who was somewhat upset that the curriculum didn't include it, and deemed that we should know it. My A-level (≈ AP) maths teacher was mildly amused that I knew it and digressed about log tables. We were (I believe) the last cohort to be issued log-tables, bu…

I recently learned about the existence of the Prosthaphaeresis algorithm [0], an even more ancient and obsolete trigonometric calculation technique. It allows you to use a trig table to do calculations when you don't have a log table. To calculate a x b, find arccos(a) and arccos(b), then use the product-to-sum formula: cos(a) x cos(b) = 1/2 x [cos(a + b) + cos(a - b)]. For example, to calculate 4294967296 x 2147483648. First, scale both numbers down by a factor of 1e10, a ≈ 0.4295, b ≈ 0.2147. Next, do inverse trig table lookup: x = arccos(a) ≈ 1.1269, y = arccos(b) ≈1.3544. Now, sum and difference: y + x = 2.4813, y - x = 0.2275. Finally, do trig table lookup and scale up, (cos(2.4813) + cos(0.2275)) x 1/2 x 1e20 ≈ 9221026434613711000. The true answer is 9223372036854775808, error is less than 0.03%. It was used by astronomers in the 16th century before logarithm was invented.

I learned it while reading the Wikipedia article Slide Rule, it mentions that two math educators David B. Sher and Dean C. Nataro invented a Prosthaphaeresis slide rule in 2004 - it's what a slide rule may look like in an alternative universe. Unfortunately, I still haven't seen it - I couldn't find the original paper, it doesn't seem to have a DOI, can't use Sci-Hub.

[0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosthaphaeresis

Re: Obsolete trig functions and why we don't use them anymore (2013)

#45
post #18
post #16

I'm not that old, but I learned the haversine formula in a marine navigation class I took through (boy) scouts. Our instructor was a retired merchant navy officer who was somewhat upset that the curriculum didn't include it, and deemed that we should know it. My A-level (≈ AP) maths teacher was mildly amused that I knew it and digressed about log tables. We were (I believe) the last cohort to be issued log-tables, bu…

I'm also mildly amused that the author failed to mention the hyperbolic functions, of which there is one for each of the regular circular trig functions

Maybe they are not considered obsolete?

Re: Obsolete trig functions and why we don't use them anymore (2013)

#46
post #26
post #25

Earlier quoted context omitted.

It always bugged me that secant is 1/cosine, cosecant is 1/sine, and cotangent is 1/tangent. Like what does co- mean? Trigonometry never really clicked for me. I can remember the formulas and such, but I never really understood what they meant. It was an exercise in remembering but never knowing.

The prefix 'co-' stands for complementary. Two complementary angles add up to 90°. The cosine of a angle is therefore the sine of its complementary angle, etc. For the secant and tangent, it originates from the geometry of the unit circle. The first image in the article explains it well.

[deleted]

Re: Obsolete trig functions and why we don't use them anymore (2013)

#47
post #16

I'm not that old, but I learned the haversine formula in a marine navigation class I took through (boy) scouts. Our instructor was a retired merchant navy officer who was somewhat upset that the curriculum didn't include it, and deemed that we should know it. My A-level (≈ AP) maths teacher was mildly amused that I knew it and digressed about log tables. We were (I believe) the last cohort to be issued log-tables, bu…

I recently learned about the existence of the Prosthaphaeresis algorithm [0], an even more ancient and obsolete trigonometric calculation technique. It allows you to use a trig table to do calculations when you don't have a log table. To calculate a x b , find arccos( a ) and arccos( b ), then use the product-to-sum formula: cos( a ) x cos( b ) = 1/2 x [cos( a + b ) + cos( a - b )]. For example, to calculate 42949672…

Prosthaphaeresis works because an angle measure inherently is a type of logarithm. It’s the logarithm of a rotation, instead of the logarithm of a scale. Like other kinds of logarithms, this converts multiplication (composition of rotations) to addition (addition of angle measures).

If you want to multiply two numbers, you can treat them as rotations, take the logarithm of each (i.e. find the angle measure), add the two, then take the exponential.

cf. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_logarithm

Re: Obsolete trig functions and why we don't use them anymore (2013)

#48
post #16

I'm not that old, but I learned the haversine formula in a marine navigation class I took through (boy) scouts. Our instructor was a retired merchant navy officer who was somewhat upset that the curriculum didn't include it, and deemed that we should know it. My A-level (≈ AP) maths teacher was mildly amused that I knew it and digressed about log tables. We were (I believe) the last cohort to be issued log-tables, bu…

> given the choice in examinations between log-tables, slide-rule, or calculator, we all made the same choice Students would benefit greatly if given a slide rule instead of an electronic calculator for their exams. The former is an effective teacher which viscerally reveals crucial insights, while the latter is pedagogically almost useless; using an electronic calculator to solve problems consists of nothing beyond…

What I liked is the awareness of the inexactness which is inherent in everything but which slide rules made more obvious. The joke from these times was "ask an engineer what is 2 times 3 and he'll take out his slide rule and say between 5.9 and 6.1" Whoever thought that up maybe wanted to show how the engineers just use tools and don't think, but I've seen the opposite: it was some with just a theoretical mathematical training who blindly believed in every digit of the result they saw or produced, even when it was really meaningless or where it was obvious to me that the process resulted in an error.

Re: Obsolete trig functions and why we don't use them anymore (2013)

#49

atan2() is incredibly useful in game development. You can use it to determine the angle between objects, calculate the angle of a 2d vector, and other useful things. https://ryankubik.com/blog/atan2/

> atan2() is incredibly useful in game development Why game development? It's useful everywhere! I have never found a genuine usage of atan(), it's always atan2() that is natural to use.

As on example, to find longitude and latitude on a sphere from stereographic projection (given as Cartesian coordinates) you need both:

[ x, y ] ↦ [ atan2(y, x), π/2 − 2 atan(√(x² + y²)) ]

But atan per se comes up all over the place if you start doing much work with angle measures.

Re: Obsolete trig functions and why we don't use them anymore (2013)

#50

"goobledegook = e + 5.6. Wow you didn't know about goobledegook? Let me teach you about this revolutionary concept." I majored in mathematics and can say I've never heard of versine and have probably used it many times without knowing. I don't think everything needs a name.

The article explains pretty well why these named functions (or at least some of them) were once useful and thus had common names.
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