This article was quite the interesting read for me! I grew up in Ayrshire, and knew well of the ICI (Imperial Chemical Industries) plant at Ardeer. My maternal grandfathed worked there until retirement, involved in some aspect of the acid mixing and nitroglycerine production (erroneously named by others in my family as 'nitrous'). During World War 2, he was denied release to join the British Army due to being designa…
Scottish Nitroglycerin and One Legged Stools (2014)
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Re: Scottish Nitroglycerin and One Legged Stools (2014)
#32This is a partial transcription of an article from McClure's Magazine, August 1897 issue: "The Great Dynamite Factory at Ardeer." You can see it as originally printed here: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015030656139&vi... The original has more pictures illustrating the text and is considerably longer. It goes on to describe much more about the explosives manufacturing complex than just the nitroglyceri…
Re: Scottish Nitroglycerin and One Legged Stools (2014)
#33The one legged stool was A COST SAVING DEVICE - a better fix was to have three people on shift at a given point in time, all with different shift starts. This isn't a safety story, it's the least cost barely safe story.
That said, for more demanding tasks, alternating between two people over a shift can be incredibly valuable.
Re: Scottish Nitroglycerin and One Legged Stools (2014)
#34Milking stools[1] (especially the strap-on variety) can also be one legged. > "[He'd] give a warning shout and run. So would everybody, you included." reminded me of MAXIM 3: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=23503989 [1] another reason for single-legged stools: less likely to trip you up if you need to jump quickly away from a kicking cow. I wouldn't be surprised if nitro factory staff prized that reason, but tol…
I saw some bricklayers lay paving stones recently. A few tons of them. They also had strap-on single-legged stools and I was really surprised to see such a specific tool!
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick_hod
Used to carry bricks up and down steps
Re: Scottish Nitroglycerin and One Legged Stools (2014)
#35(Those were the days when black powder was not only made in the lab and the teacher demonstrated the method and we tested the result but also we had to know the chemical equations and work out the optimal ratio of the three ingredients as part of the chemistry curriculum.)
Now, you perhaps think me a lunatic or at least stupidly reckless. Perhaps so, but I did give it considerable forethought and I'm still here complete with all my bodily bits.
No, I'm not going to go into explicit details for obvious reasons but I'll say this much. I made the smallest amount that was practical to make and I achieved this by measuring the reagents out with an eye dropper. I chose the narrowest test tube I could get as the nitro separates out into a layer and I had to have sufficient product to cover the CSA of the test tube (so I could see its meniscus). Oh, and the lab gear was very clean and I used BP-grade reagents to stop any contamination. (In those days, we had important/key reagents in BP-grade at school as we budding chemists were expected to know their taste (but only BP-grade was used for this purpose). They were diluted to a weak N/40 or so and we tasted them! Can you imagine that ever happening now? Not likely, oh how we overprotect our poor little darlings these days.)
I carried out the reaction in winter which meant the reagents had to be heated to the recommended reaction temperature which was only a few degrees above the lab's ambient (it was easier to heat up the large bottles of regents rather than cool them). I was careful to hold the recommended reaction temperature as accurately as I could but it wasn't difficult with the reaction being only a little above ambient.
Everything went according to plan and it was done according to book (this included even cleaning (neutralizing) the final product with sodium carbonate to eliminate residual acid (from one of the reagents).
Did it go bang as expected? Yes! Was anything damaged? Nothing during manufacture, and nothing of any consequence during testing. Did the chemistry teacher find out? No! Did other kids participate? Yes, two others (but for some reason they quickly left the lab when I mixing the reagents). How did I know what to do? The procedure was well documented in a large general book on organic chemistry of about 800 pages given to me by my father. It described dozens of chemical processes in detail such a Haber's nitrogen fixing and how to make various nasties, such as HCN, in industrial quantities. Whilst it may not seem like it, I was reasonably responsible around chemicals and I still am.
Re: Scottish Nitroglycerin and One Legged Stools (2014)
#36I'm surprised that there aren't more comments. This was an article both humorous and informative about creating something (dynamite) which made the modern world possible.
I’m not sure I can trust this site to be historically accurate, given http://lateralscience.blogspot.com/2013/02/victorian-product...
The same book covered picric acid in considerable detail. It made a specific point of mentioning that sometime during WWI TNT replaced picric acid in shells for various reasons including safety. Being a reasonably strong phenolic acid, picric acid readily formed metallic picrate salts with shell casings and that these salts are much more unstable than the straight acid.
It seems that even nowadays with the still-regular roundup of WWI munitions on the 'Western Front' (in Belgium, etc.) old corroded picric acid shells are a major ongoing problem (dozens of them still turn up (usually plowed up) every year). If I recall correctly said acid was also largely implicated in the enormous Halifax disaster of 1917.
One final point: when I was a school picric acid was one of the standard reagents in our school chemistry lab. Seems it was no big deal back then, nor was the 'fertilizer' which we used to remove tree stumps.
Re: Scottish Nitroglycerin and One Legged Stools (2014)
#37Some context: https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred-nobel/alfred-nobel-in-scot...
Despite having used various nitrogen-based compounds that go bang in the past (and like many techies, that I find them interesting), I'm rather glad that I've never been involved with them in a big way professionally.
Perhaps I'm a bit timid, but it's always seemed to me there's always a reasonable probability of an accident, usually when one's least expecting it. I recall some time around the early 1970s a friend of mine who used to go prospecting for gold always having a large box of gelignite in the back of his car and he'd keep it there even if he hadn't been prospecting for some considerable time. In fact, I recall his stock of it getting so old that it used to get to the sweaty stage (this means it's unstable).
It used to scare the hell out of me and I'd keep well away but it never worried him. Still, it never went bang and he's still around. These days, he's a licensed fireworks maker.
Re: Scottish Nitroglycerin and One Legged Stools (2014)
#38Earlier quoted context omitted.
I saw some bricklayers lay paving stones recently. A few tons of them. They also had strap-on single-legged stools and I was really surprised to see such a specific tool!
Re you sure they weren't hods https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick_hod Used to carry bricks up and down steps
Re: Scottish Nitroglycerin and One Legged Stools (2014)
#39Earlier quoted context omitted.
Maybe that’s where the erroneous “e” in “Ayreshire” was meant to be (note: should be Ayrshire)
A bit random, my Grandma went to school in Ayrshire, Iowa [1], which I have to imagine was named after Ayrshire, Scotland. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayrshire,_Iowa
Re: Scottish Nitroglycerin and One Legged Stools (2014)
#40Many decades ago, I made some of this stuff in the chemistry lab at school at lunchtime—although, obviously, it wasn't an officially sanctioned experiment! (Those were the days when black powder was not only made in the lab and the teacher demonstrated the method and we tested the result but also we had to know the chemical equations and work out the optimal ratio of the three ingredients as part of the chemistry cur…
The school lab experiment I've described above was both dangerous and unofficial in that it was not sanctioned or supervised by a qualified teacher and I would strongly suggest no one attempts it (or anything similar). Moreover, these days, in many jurisdictions it will likely be unlawful†. My message is do not try it both for your own safety and that in this hypersensitive, overly-political world you will draw the ire of others!
† Back then—decades ago in much simpler times—this would not have been the case for small lab quantities although it likely would have drawn the ire of the chemistry teacher—not so much because of the material's intrinsic dangers—as then, there were many dangerous chemicals that were both commonly available and easily obtainable without authority (and that are now no longer available)—but rather because he'd have deemed we'd not have had sufficient experience to do it safely.