There's an interesting quirk of markets that can explain the broken-up companies being worth more. Prices in a market are set on the margins: the price of Bitcoin or Tesla stock is set by those who are actively buying and selling. If you think those assets are complete scams, you aren't going to go near them, which means
your opinion doesn't matter for the purpose of setting the price.
When a company is broken up into competitive entities, there's uncertainty about which company is going to become dominant in the future. So if you think Esso is going to win the lion's share, you're going to put your money in Esso stock. Ditto Kyso, Calso (Chevron), Sohio, Amoco, Marathon, Mobil, etc. They all get their own teams of cheerleaders, who value the spinoffs at close to the value of the original because they think their preferred spinoff will take most of the market of the parent company. People who disagree with that valuation don't matter, because they aren't going to be trading in that stock anyway.
A similar phenomena likely occurred in the crypto bubble of 2017, where everybody had their pet crypto they were cheerleading and they all expected it to take over the whole economy - this was made even more complicated because many of them were priced in Bitcoin, which had to be purchased to buy any of them, which meant that price increases in Bitcoin were reflected in the price of altcoins as well. It's likely also a factor in Tesla speculation - Tesla shareholders believe it will take over the entire world car market, while Tesla skeptics drop out of the market and don't matter to the price action.
(The risk asymmetry in shorting also contributes to this. In a perfectly efficient market, if you believe something is overvalued you short it instead of dropping out of the market, which drives the price down to fair value. In reality, your downside with shorts is potentially unlimited, you can get rekt if the price stays irrational longer than you stay solvent, and few firms have the resources to maintain short positions in a long-term bubble.)