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Differential Forms and Integration (2008) [pdf]

math.ucla.edu

31–40 of 48 posts

Re: Differential Forms and Integration (2008) [pdf]

#31

I took a Differential Geometry course in university. The course covered basic theory on smooth manifolds and Riemannian Geometry. While I did appreciate the beauty of the subject from a theoretical perspective, I have to admit that I somewhat lacked intuition for the material, especially with regards to differential forms. I understood that their properties make sense to define the notion of integration on a smooth m…

Vector Calculus by Marsden is a very good book for getting a grasp of the meaning and application of basic concepts such as Poisson and Langrange equations, and Maxwell equations. You will see that in R^3 those concepts can be represented graphically.

Re: Differential Forms and Integration (2008) [pdf]

#32
post #20

I took a Differential Geometry course in university. The course covered basic theory on smooth manifolds and Riemannian Geometry. While I did appreciate the beauty of the subject from a theoretical perspective, I have to admit that I somewhat lacked intuition for the material, especially with regards to differential forms. I understood that their properties make sense to define the notion of integration on a smooth m…

If you feel that pullbacks by charts conceal the intuition, you can work with manifolds that are embedded in R^n. Differential forms are still the "right way" to do integration on these manifolds but now can be defined in terms of the coordinate system of R^n. Then you can do cute tricks like seeing that if you want to know the area of a region on the plane, you can compute it by integrating dx ^ dy over the area. OR…

This was how differential forms were introduced in the course. I understood all of this from an algebraic standpoint, but I was lacking any geometric intuition for differential forms whatsoever. Say you have a k-form on some manifold and you evaluate it at some point which gives you an alternating covariant k-tensor. Then when you evaluate that at k tangent vectors at the point you get a scalar, does this scalar have any geometric meaning? Does it measure anything? Later when we did Riemannian manifolds and introduced the volume form that was at least a little more intuitive, as far as I remember, but general differential forms were intuitively a complete mystery to me. Also I kind of got their usefulness in an algebraic sense when we did some typical vector calculus calculations using the concepts of divergence and curl, but I didn't have much intuition for these concepts since I don't have a physics background and only worked with vector fields in this abstract setting. Unfortunately we did not cover De Rham cohomology. Thanks for your answer, I will take a look at planimeters.

Re: Differential Forms and Integration (2008) [pdf]

#33

I took a Differential Geometry course in university. The course covered basic theory on smooth manifolds and Riemannian Geometry. While I did appreciate the beauty of the subject from a theoretical perspective, I have to admit that I somewhat lacked intuition for the material, especially with regards to differential forms. I understood that their properties make sense to define the notion of integration on a smooth m…

The thing with differential forms is that (to me) they look a bit magical (why those sign changes? why alternate?). Only when thinking of volume forms do you begin to understand it (the determinant being the paradigm of volume element, etc.). I think some grassmannian computations would be good in this context but, on the other hand, they would become very cumbersome very soon. As someone says below: Spivak's Differe…

Incidentally, I'd argue that the determinant is a paradigm of a covolume element: you feed it a volume element and get out a number. (More technically, it lives in the top exterior power of the cotangent bundle, not of the tangent bundle.)

Re: Differential Forms and Integration (2008) [pdf]

#34
post #20

Earlier quoted context omitted.

If you feel that pullbacks by charts conceal the intuition, you can work with manifolds that are embedded in R^n. Differential forms are still the "right way" to do integration on these manifolds but now can be defined in terms of the coordinate system of R^n. Then you can do cute tricks like seeing that if you want to know the area of a region on the plane, you can compute it by integrating dx ^ dy over the area. OR…

This was how differential forms were introduced in the course. I understood all of this from an algebraic standpoint, but I was lacking any geometric intuition for differential forms whatsoever. Say you have a k-form on some manifold and you evaluate it at some point which gives you an alternating covariant k-tensor. Then when you evaluate that at k tangent vectors at the point you get a scalar, does this scalar have…

The first 10 pages of the following link may be helpful; it shows probably the simplest concrete nontrivial 2-form:

https://math.berkeley.edu/~wodzicki/H185.S11/podrecznik/2for...

The first example there is: given a base point X and two vectors V,W based at X, the 2-form gives the "signed" area of the parallelogram spanned by V and W. Determinants (which measure n-dimensional parallelograms), when viewed as functions of their column vectors, have all the properties of differential forms.

Differential forms are a bit like generalized determinants and in a sense specify a way to measure something like an abstract volume in the neighborhood of a point of a manifold, in such a way that the Jacobian needed for changing coordinates is "built in".

Re: Differential Forms and Integration (2008) [pdf]

#35
post #6
post #2

For anyone wanting to learn more about this, I highly recommend Advanced Calculus: A Differential Forms Approach by Harold Edwards and An Introduction to Manifolds by Loring Tu. The former reads almost like a novel and is a real treat of mathematical exposition. It's also a little quirky which is always nice. Tu's book is simply the gold standard of an introduction to the mathematics of manifolds and differential for…

Spivak's Calculus on Manifolds (aka little Spivak) is another really good treatment.

Reads like Baby Rudin. (Good for some, bad for others.)

Re: Differential Forms and Integration (2008) [pdf]

#36
post #10
post #2

For anyone wanting to learn more about this, I highly recommend Advanced Calculus: A Differential Forms Approach by Harold Edwards and An Introduction to Manifolds by Loring Tu. The former reads almost like a novel and is a real treat of mathematical exposition. It's also a little quirky which is always nice. Tu's book is simply the gold standard of an introduction to the mathematics of manifolds and differential for…

I love Hubbard & Hubbard, which is also great as it's an introductory text. It's been used often at Harvard Math 55 and some much simpler courses: http://matrixeditions.com/#vec

That is indeed a very good book. Although I would say that some of the notation in it is non-standard, for better or for worse. Tu is the most consistent author I have ever seen with notation, and that matters a lot in smooth manifold theory and differential geometry.

Another good book is Advanced Calculus: A Geometric View by James Callahan.

Re: Differential Forms and Integration (2008) [pdf]

#37

I took a Differential Geometry course in university. The course covered basic theory on smooth manifolds and Riemannian Geometry. While I did appreciate the beauty of the subject from a theoretical perspective, I have to admit that I somewhat lacked intuition for the material, especially with regards to differential forms. I understood that their properties make sense to define the notion of integration on a smooth m…

Regarding your last sentence, I'm thinking back to my differential geometry course, and I'm not even sure if we ever calculated an integral that wasn't equal to 0. Totally agree with the rest of the sentence though: I don't think I quite got it right away, but I felt better off for the experience.

Re: Differential Forms and Integration (2008) [pdf]

#38
post #33

Earlier quoted context omitted.

The thing with differential forms is that (to me) they look a bit magical (why those sign changes? why alternate?). Only when thinking of volume forms do you begin to understand it (the determinant being the paradigm of volume element, etc.). I think some grassmannian computations would be good in this context but, on the other hand, they would become very cumbersome very soon. As someone says below: Spivak's Differe…

Incidentally, I'd argue that the determinant is a paradigm of a co volume element: you feed it a volume element and get out a number. (More technically, it lives in the top exterior power of the cotangent bundle, not of the tangent bundle.)

Well yes: it is a volume form certainly. Totally right.

Re: Differential Forms and Integration (2008) [pdf]

#39

On a related note, and seeing that some people around here are interested to learn the topic from different angle: Gerald Jay Sussman (among others, co-author of Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs ) has co-written a book on differential geometry called Functional Differential Geometry . It builds up the theory of differential geometry using Scheme, just like SICP and SICM, and is a fantastic read for p…

That is damn interesting, and probably worthy of its own submission.

FYI for everyone looking for the download link, it's a bit hidden, so here it is: https://www.dropbox.com/s/t3si4b99ijqyhyk/9580.pdf?dl=1

Licensed under Creative Commons BY-SA, too.

Re: Differential Forms and Integration (2008) [pdf]

#40

I took a Differential Geometry course in university. The course covered basic theory on smooth manifolds and Riemannian Geometry. While I did appreciate the beauty of the subject from a theoretical perspective, I have to admit that I somewhat lacked intuition for the material, especially with regards to differential forms. I understood that their properties make sense to define the notion of integration on a smooth m…

There is a philosophical reason to distinguish forms, manifolds, and integration. When you talk about integrating a form on a manifold you concentrate on the result: the number you obtain. You almost do not notice that the form and the manifold exist somewhat independently. If you think of expressing forms via coordinates, you already need to have a manifold (so also a coordinate system) in place to even "define" the form. However this is not necessarily the case.

Let me be more specific:

Suppose your ambient space is $\R^3$ and you are looking at a vector field (let us say your space is full of water and the vector field models the velocity of the movement of water at every point). The vector field $V$ is a $1$-form, it exists.

Now suppose you insert a membrane (2d surface) into the water and want to compute how much water flows through it at any given moment in time. This is the "flow" of $V$ through your surface $S$.

If you go and look how to do this there are intuitive pictures and the computation reduces to 1) parameterize the 2d surface using 2 variables $(u,v)$ 2) compute some partial derivatives of the parameterization 3) wedge product them 4) take the dot product with $V$ 5) integrate in $u$ and $v$. At first this seems like magic but whoever is explaining the procedure draws a bunch of pictures to explain why this is reasonable and tries to convince you. Usually they eventually manage.

However this is only part of the story. You see, you have a map that inputs $V$(the vector field) and $S$ the surface and spits out a number. Furthermore this map is intuitively "continuous" in the sense that if you change $V$ a bit or $S$ a bit you do not expect the result to change too much. However if you try to prove this or explain this at any mathematical level, you run into trouble!!!

The reason is that the way you defined integrating the vector field DEPENDS on the parameterization, and worse, it depends on it at the first step of your procedure. If you have to membranes that are "close" how can you even think that their parameterizations be "close". You can't! Even the SAME surface can have drastically different parameterizations.

So clearly you need to abstract away the coordinates so you can talk about continuity, stability, perturbation.

Let us get back to abstract definitions. You know that you can integrate 2-forms on 2-manifolds (2d surfaces). You are used to having a 2-form DEFINED on a 2-manifold (so you don't really see the difference between integration and 2-forms). However we do know that we have this rather standard procedure of computing the flow of a vector field (1-form) through a 2-manifold (2d surface). How so? It seems that for whatever reason a vector field is ALSO a 2-form. And it is a 2-form just floating around R^3 in the same way a vector field (the velocity of water) exists independently of whether you are computing how much of it is flowing through a given surface.

So how is this the case? This is exactly an instance of Hodge duality. Since the ambient space $\R^3$ has a volume form (3-form) there is an intrinsic association from $k$ forms to $3-k$ forms (specifically, given a $k$ form the associated $3-k$ form is that unique $3-k$ form such that wedged with the original gives you the volume form).

So there you go! Given a vector field you have an associated 2-form in $\R^3$ that is there, by itself, without needing any 2-manifold to justify its existence. In practice if $V=(V_x,V_y,V_z)$ then the two form is $V_x dy dz + V_y dz dx + V_z dx dy$.

And if by chance it encounters a 2d surface it can naturally be integrated through it. The Hodge duality above actually expresses in a very concise form the multiple points on HOW to compute the flow (the procedure we started with).

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