Ask HN: What scientific phenomenon do you wish someone would explain better?

If you understand Turing Machines, you probably also understand other automata. So you probably understand nondeterministic automata [1].

A quantum computer is like a very restricted nondeterministic automaton, except that the "do several things a once" is implemented in physics. That means just like a NFA can be exponential faster than a DFA, a QC can be exponential faster than a normal computer. But the restriction on QCs makes that a lot harder to do, and so far it only works for some algorithms.

As to why quantum physics allows some kind of nondeterminism: If you look at particles as waves, instead of a single location you get a probability function that tells you "where the particle is". So a particule can be "in several places at once". In the same way a qbit can have "several states at once".

> What I don't understand is how a programmer is supposed to determine the correct solution when their computer is out in some crazy multiverse.

Because one way to explain quantum physics is to say that the waveform can "collapse" [2] and produce a single result, as least as far as the observers are concerned. There are other interpretations of this effect, and this effect is what makes quantum physics counterintuitive and hard to understand.

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondeterministic_finite_automa...

[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_function_collapse

Edit: I should add that even if you are an expert in cryptanalysis, you still shouldn’t just roll your own crypto. It’s the analysis of the entire community, not the credentials of the author, that makes modern cryptography so strong.

Also are these charges responsible for some weather effects such as the jet stream. In a tornado is the negative charges on the dry side of the dry line interacting with the moist air on the wet side really just a local intense acceleration of the dry air trying to "get to" the oppositely charged moist air?

Are the rotation of low and high pressure systems basically due to the same condition? Is lightning also just basically a flood situation of the charges?

It sounds to me like the grandparent is 100% correct.

> It is simply wrong to think that scientific questions can never be definitively settled.

They made no such claim, speaking of intuition.

> Clearly there are some hypotheses that have been difficult (and may be impossible) to prove, for example, Darwin's idea that natural selection is the basis of evolution

I've seen very little evidence in online discussions (Reddit for example) among armchair scientists that the theory of evolution is anything short of cold, hard, scientific fact.

> In the case of climate change, the problem again is that the evidence is correlative and not causal. Demonstrating a causal link between human behavior or CO2 levels and climate change (the gold standard for "proof") is technically challenging, so we are forced to rely on correlations, which is the next best thing. But, you are right, it is not "proof".

Is this (it is not proven) the message they're sending when they say things like "The science is in", just as one example?

> Establishing causality can be difficult but not impossible - the standard is "necessary and sufficient". You must show necessity: CO2 increase (for example) is necessary for global warming; if CO2 remains constant, no matter what else happens to the system global temperatures remain constant. And you must also demonstrate sufficiency: temperatures will increase if you increase CO2 while holding everything else constant. Those are experiments that can't be done. As a result, we are forced to rely on correlation - the historical correlation between CO2 and temperature change is compelling evidence that CO2 increases cause global warming, but it is not proof. It then becomes a statistical argument, giving room for some to argue the question remains "unsettled".

This is not the message I've heard, at all, from any mainstream news source, and it's certainly not the understanding of 95% of "right minded" people I've ever encountered.

> While some of the issues you bring are remain unproven, what's really absurd is to think that no scientific questions can be settled.

What's even more absurd, to me, is how you managed to find a way to interpret his text in that manner. And you're obviously (based on what you've written here), a genuinely intelligent person. Now, imagine how the average person consumes and processes the endless stream of almost pure propaganda, from both "sides" on this topic and many others.

The unnecessarily dishonest manner in which the government and media have chosen to represent (frame) reality to the general public has left an absolutely massive number of easily exploitable attack vectors for "conspiracy theorists" to exploit. And if you are of the opinion that all conspiracy theorists are idiots so you have nothing to worry about, consider the possibility that this too has been similarly misrepresented to you.

If a society chooses to largely abandon things like logic and epistemology in the education of its citizens, thinking propaganda is a suitable replacement, don't be surprised when things don't work out in your favor. If we can barely manage such things here, why should we expect Joe and Jane six-pack to somehow pull it off?