> Why can't I have terms on my website that say how you can use my information?
Neither Creative Commons nor copyleft (nor copyright in general!) can assert anything about private use. IP rights are commercial rights; they affect sellers of your IP. They don’t affect end-consumers of your IP.
Note that even the GPL can’t force someone to publish the source of their GPLed-library-containing program, if they never publish the program itself, but only build it for their own private use.
Why? Because, by broadcasting the code of your GPLed library, you granted people an implicit use-right to it! Not a redistribution right; not a derivative-works right; but a use right. (If this wasn’t true, then people would be breaking the law by reading “common” newspapers in a cafe, or by listening to the radio, since they never entered into any explicit contract with the distributor/broadcaster.)
How does software licensing work, then? Mostly by 1. companies installing software on computers for their employees to use being considered IP redistributors; and 2. attachment of copyright through sampling when asset samples [e.g. brushes/textures in Photoshop] are distributed through the program. Other than that, there’s really no law forcing end-users to pay for software licenses. This is why e.g. WinRAR would never have been able to sue anybody. They published their shareware binary (without gating it behind a contractual relationship, like Adobe’s Creative Cloud installer); so now you have a use-right to it!
> You believe that it's morally OK for me to prevent a company selling my book, but not morally OK for me to prevent a company selling my phone number?
Copyright exists because your ability to make money from your own creative works hinges on your ability to exclusively license those works. If a publisher can get a redistribution license to your manuscript for free from a third party, why would they buy it from you?
You having exclusive access to your phone number does not make you money; others having access to your phone number does not deprive you of money you could have made by keeping that information private. Thus, there’s no advantage to introducing IP law into this domain (the domain of facts.)
There was a recent court case about someone creating a subway map by copying the raw data from existing subway maps, where the comments went deeper into this.