Earlier quoted context omitted.
Market prices for currencies reflect what you can buy with them. If a country's economy is strong, they're exporting a lot of things that the world wants to buy from them, and the world wants to invest in a bunch in a number of securities denominated in their currency, the currency will be strong. If the country's economy weakens (relative to other countries in the global economy), the currency will weaken. There cou…
>misincentives that encourage people to shift value around rather than producing value Isn't that just capitalism? Useless financial operations (shifting value around) are richly rewarded, as opposed to "producing value", which gets scraps as low as the market will bear. You can work your ass off making furniture for 4 decades, you will earn as much as an "investor" does in one week.
The sorts of financial engineering you're talking about is of course a real thing, but can also add real value by making other useful transactions cheaper. So for example high frequency trading is used heavily by market makers, that provide a useful service creating liquidity in markets. That makes it easier and cheaper to buy and sell equities and such.