Earlier quoted context omitted.
> more exotic language pairs I've found that sometimes what Google does for these is translate from Language A > English, and then English > Language B, which leads to bizarre results.
From reports, Google Translate has effectively created its own internal (AI GD ML) metalanguage, which can interpolate between languages it's not been specifically trained on. E.g., with Japanese English and Korean English, Google Translate can manage Japanese Korean, without being specifically trained to do so. So yes, there's an intermediary language. But it's not English. https://www.newscientist.com/article/21147…
And I gave the Hindi input in devanagari (राम आ गया), but still the Nepali translation ended up being the equivalent of 'the sheep came' (भेडा आयो), so somewhere along the line it seemed to be treating the name राम (rām) as equivalent to the English string 'ram' and translating accordingly.
So if the intermediate language isn't English, it certainly has some English-like properties....